Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organization Law - Essay Example On the balance of evenhanded standards and on some normal guidelines, these general obligations have been forced on a chief, and executive needs to act as per the equivalent without indicating any carelessness while playing out his obligation as an executive of an organization. The general obligations will be interpreted and reached out similarly as under value standards and under custom-based law rules and due weight will be given to the fitting evenhanded guidelines and custom-based law manages in understanding and applying the general obligations. According to segment 172(1) , an executive of an organization must capacity in the style he respects , in great trust , which is most likely to upgrade the development of the organization for the upsides of its investors completely, and in practicing in this way, should give due thought to the accompanying: The plausible result of any business choice over the long haul. The necessity to work reasonably as between the investors of the org anization. Further, under CA 2006, legal articulations on directors’ obligations have been incorporated, which covers the accompanying regions concerning the director’s obligations. ... As such, it is the obligation of the executive not to act carelessly. Be that as it may, easygoing disappointments or genuine business misinterpretations won't equivalent to the cases of carelessness. It is to be recollected that the executives owe their obligation to the organization and not to any person. Nonetheless, in Dorchester Finance Co Ltd v Stebbing,1 a chief was seen as careless in his obligation as he left marked limitless tickets to ride with another executive. In Cohen v Selby, 2 a chief was held obligated for doling out an errand to a particular representative who isn't fit for that obligation assigned3. If there should arise an occurrence of business judgment, the courts have been ever apathetic to meddle. Further, the CA 2006 isn't exact about how directorate of an organization should report their adherence under area 172 in board minutes. It is prompted that organizations may think that its safe to add a reference to the way that the executives have clung to the dyn amic arrangements as requested in area 172 in their board minutes to get away from any charges of carelessness later. 172 of CA 2006 requests that a chief should work true blue in a way that would encourage the accomplishment of the organization for the upside of its part completely. In Rgentcrest Plc (in liq) v Cohen , it was held that the executives should act in what they think and ought not act in what the court may think, and it ought to be for favorable position of the entire of its members4. The segment 173 requires the executive of an organization to utilize his autonomous judgment while settling on business choices. This segment encourages the executive to take an assessment from specialists or for certain situation, if a chief neglects to take appropriate exhortation from a specialist will be viewed as an encroachment of their guardian obligation. Be that as it may,

Sexual Images in Rap Videos free essay sample

The two distinct individuals that I am looking at are Foxy Brown, ho began her profession at a youthful age of 1 3, and Dab Brat who additionally began her vocation as an adolescent. Female pictures in rap and hip-bounce video appear and depict its craftsman as either being showgirl sex objects, spitfire activity saint, a methods for librating power from men and a reaction to male dreams . The various pictures that we see on rap and hip-jump video are the consequence of what chief and maker what individuals to see and hear. These troughs are guys who choose what invigorates explicitly excitement to another male is or himself and guide their female craftsman ,how to dress .They likewise educate beneficiary female craftsman that they are in for the cash and that over the long haul what are they (the supervisor) getting out off this assistance. Saucy Brown was only an adolescent when she bust into the universe of rap and hip-bounce highlighting in other craftsman s music video when she was only 13 years of age. The various Images that we see on rap and hip-jump video are the aftereffect of what chief and maker what individuals to see and hear. These troughs are guys who choose what invigorates explicitly excitement to another male is or myself and guide their female craftsman ,how to dress .They additionally educate their female craftsman that they are in for the cash and that over the long haul what are they (the chief) getting out off this assistance. Charming Brown was Just an adolescent when she bust into the universe of rap and hip-jump highlighting In other craftsman s music video when she was Just 13 years of age. One can Image what she needed to experience to get to where she is. It is all around noticed that ladies in rap and hip-jump recordings are misused for sex before getting the Gig they merit. As a lovely young lady, Foxy Brown climbed he stepping stool exceptionally quick and handled her first Album at 16.She is depicted as being provocative crazed, Mafioso adoring, medicate fixated entertainer who is consistently in some sexual inciting others. Also, throughout the year, her garments has not changed however intensified, uncovering a greater amount of her skin. She discharged Ill An at age 15 that contained verses that were progressively express for her age. Charming Browns Debuted on Billboard #1 and was in rivalry with Oil Kim, another new passage into the music world, who was likewise uncovering a greater amount of her skin. She sees herself as experiencing a change from quiet to control job and handled her at six #1 on the Billboard visits.

merry christmas from MIT and my newsfeed

merry christmas from MIT and my newsfeed It is standard practice to leave MIT as quickly as possible upon finishing finals, with some students bringing their luggage and boarding passes to exams. Whether this speaks to ultimate time-management skills or the urgent desire to leave this place whenever possible is subject to personal interpretation. Although we technically only have ~120/365 days (33% of annual time)  where we go to class, typically weekends and days off are dedicated to catching up on work and usually IAP and Summer are spent somewhat-to-completely productively. This leaves only the two weeks (3% of annual time) of winter break as a truly reliable time to relax. See more: The eye of the storm. This christmas, I decided to un-wind by kicking back at my bench spacenewly unwrapped box of pipette tips in handand whip up some experiments at my total leisure. Aaahhhh. Since Im still here for a few days, my flexible family is just rearranging the calendar so Christmas falls on New Years day instead. Weve done this on occassion when we are confused whether to go with Russian or American traditions, or when parents dont have their presents ready. Timeliness and preparation are the keys to success said no one in my family ever, except maybe DJ Khaled. Scrolling through my facebook feed, I was clobbered with holiday cheer from my fellow undergraduate friends, who have gone to home to their families or to otherwise aesthetic destinations. I *present* to you, newsfeed style, a snapshot of recent MIT festivities curated from my social media. Seeing all of these photos made my heart swell with fond memories of the friendships formed here, whether ephemeral or forever. They also remind me of great diversity of past and futures which intersect at MIT all the beautiful places people come from (literally) and are going to (metaphorically). Im grateful to be part of this eclectic, thoughtful, dazzling, suprising, diligent, and hilarious community 3 So happy chrismahanakwanzucollegeappska everyone! //authors note: ensuring permissions for photos + captions to be included maybe  ?

Essay enrons case - 956 Words

German Jordanian University Business Ethics (316) Lecturer: Mr. Montaser Tawalbeh Case Study Enron: Were They the Crookedest Guys in the Room? Case Summary Enron has become the classic case on business ethics. Enron formed after the merger of Internorth Incorporated and Houston Natural Gas in 1985. On January 1, 1987, as part of the merger agreement, Ken Lay became the new CEO. In 1990, Ken Lay hired Jeffrey Skilling from McKinsey and Company as the Head of Enron Finance. By 1995, Enron had become the largest independent natural gas company in the United States. In 1997, Skilling became president and Chief Operating Officer at Enron. Ken Lay’s goal was for Enron to have the same brand recognition as ATT. Enron’s long†¦show more content†¦Enron was in its strongest financial shape in history. After Skilling resigned, Ken Lay asked employees to write him if they had any concerns. Sherron Watkins sent him a letter with the question â€Å"Was Enron too risky to work for?† Ms. Watkins worked in the Accounting Department and had a number of concerns about CFO Andrew Fastow’s partnerships that related to off balance sheet transactions. Fastow used Special Purpose Entities (SPEs) to move assets and liabilities off the balance sheet. As a result, Limited Liability Partnerships were formed by Fastow to transfer debt and risk â€Å"off line†. The net result was that Enron was able to produce lower debt levels and hide losses in their financial statements. In addition, the deals were financed using Enron stock. On October 16, 2001, Enron reported a $618 million third-quarter loss and disclosed a $1.2 billion reduction in the value of the shareholders stake in the company, partly related to the partnerships run by Fastow. Andy Fastow resigned as CFO on October 24, 2001 after the SEC announced they were going to investigate the financial reporting at Enron. By November 2001, it was disclosed that Enron had potentially hidden billions of dollars in debt and that Enron’s financial statements had not been accurate for years. Ken Lay’s response to the off balance sheet transactions from Fastow was that they were over Lay’s head so thatShow MoreRelatedEnron’s Stakeholder Impact Case Analysis Essay1725 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Widely known as the champion of the energy industry, Enron is suddenly faced with a corporate crisis in the form of a scandal. This scandal involves not only Enron’s accounting practices but also its corporate governance and culture (Lawrence Weber, 2008). This report will recommend some potential strategies for Enron to move forward from the scandal. To do this, we must incorporate stakeholder theory, which â€Å"argues that corporations serve a broad public purpose; to create valueRead MoreEssay on CaseAssignment21409 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Case Assignment: Enron Case 9 Yesenia Garcia BUSI 472- B07 LUO Introduction In 1985 Ken Lay took over a couple of big name gas pipeline companies that came together and thus the infamous Enron Corporation began. They offered a variety of services that were not limited to natural gas but also included electricity, communications, and many energy related services. Together, CEO Jeffrey Skilling, Chairman Ken Lay, and CFO Andrew Fastow were able to bring transformationRead MoreEnron s Ethics Code Of Enron Essay943 Words   |  4 Pagespensions which literally means they lost their life savings. This article focuses on Enron’s ethics code, Enron’s failure of top leadership, Enron’s corporate culture and Enron’s complicity. On the other hand, I will discuss the lessons I learnt from Enron case. Keywords: Enron’s ethics code, Enron’s failure of top leadership, Enron’s corporate culture, Enron’s complicity, lessons learnt from Enron case Enron’s ethics code Respect, integrity, communication and excellence are the ethics code of EnronRead MoreThe High Turnover Rate Of Leadership1008 Words   |  5 Pages1.2 market trends During 1990s, the reason of the high turnover rate of leadership in Enron was the PRC system and the new â€Å"arrogant culture†, which pose a threat to conservative cautious. In this case Enron was put in a highly uncertain environment. In the late 1990 and 2000, Enron’s traders had great passion on prove themselves. The principle of â€Å"priority of profit† at any costs led to considerable agency problems for shareholders of Enron. Undoubtedly, company owners desired high return fromRead MoreEssay on Enron: Questionable Accounting Leads to Collapse784 Words   |  4 PagesEnron: Questionable Accounting Leads to Collapse In the case of Enron, it comes down to pure greed and a lack of accountability. From the top, there was illegal activity with Ken Lay, Jeffrey Skilling, and Andrew Fastow who raided the company as though it was their own personal bank. On top of that, the culture of the rest of the company was to make as much money as they could and employees were rewarded by the amount of profit they could make without questioning the ethical means to do so. Read MoreKey Stakeholders Affected By The Collapse Of Enron1065 Words   |  5 Pagesresults of Enron’s failure; four thousand were set off directly, with additional to follow. Several staff saw the worth of their retirement accounts collapse. c. The full impact of Enron’s collapse on customers isn t explored within the case. Students might speculate that some customers that had signed semi-permanent contracts with Enron for the delivery of bound commodities were left while not a reliable supply. d. The full impact of Enron’s collapse on suppliers isn t explored within the case. StudentsRead MoreEnron Was Formed In 1986 By Ken Lay (â€Å"Enron Case Study†,1439 Words   |  6 PagesEnron was formed in 1986 by Ken Lay (â€Å"Enron Case Study†, n.d). It was an energy and service company based in Houston. â€Å"The early years of Enron were modest, and despite suffering financial woes and tremendous debt for several years, Enron survived.† (Rafraf Haug, 2013). Enron was the 7th largest company on the Fortune 500 in the year 2000 with assets of $65 billion and revenue of over $100 billion (â€Å"Enron: Quality Assurance†, 2016, p 17). Despite of revenues in 2000, Enron filed for bankruptcyRead MoreOrganizational Culture : The Smartest Guys Of The Room1649 Words   |  7 Pagesteamwork and ethical behavior and in the end it only plagued Enron until it eventually collapsed under its downfall. The aggressive organizational culture started with Enron’s founder, Ken Lay, and other members of its top management such as Jeffrey Skilling and Lou Pai. From there it trickled down into those who worked under Enron’s top management such as traders and other employees. The aggressive culture then starts in the established criteria for new workers who are meant to fit into the founder’sRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Enron Essay1404 Words   |  6 Pagesof Houston Natural Gas Co. and InterNorth Co. The Chairman Kenneth Lay, CEO Jeffrey Skilling, and CFO Andrew Fastow were the backbone of Enron during its growth period. These executives exercised their power and expertise to unethically â€Å"increase† Enron’s profits by hiding the company’s debt. The ethical dilemma that Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling faced was whether to let their stakeholders know how poorly the company was doing, or to hide the debt. They chose to cut corners and falsif y informationRead MoreFraud Examination Enron Paper1140 Words   |  5 Pagesstatement to stay unconsolidated. 2. Analyze the situation - again, take a lessons learned approach. You might use the following questions as guides: A. What important internal controls were ignored when LJM1 was created? LJM1 ignored some of Enron’s entries in the books that were missing. Outsiders owned less than 3% of the Special Purpose Entities equities. There was an error made by Arthur Andersen to let LJM’s financial statement to remain unconsolidated. If the financial statements had been

Indigenous Australia s Criminal Justice System - 3061 Words

While Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (Indigenous Australians) represent only about 3% of the total population of Australia, in 2013, they comprised over 27% of Australia s prison population (an increase from 25% in 2009). In the same year, the incarceration rate for Indigenous Australian prisoners was 15 times higher than the rate for their non-Indigenous counterparts, an increase in the ratio compared to 2011 (when it was 14 times higher) (ABS, 2013). It is evident from statistical data, that there is a clear over-representation of Indigenous Australians in Australia’s criminal justice system. The figures are even more startling for Indigenous youth, who are 25 times more likely to be in detention than their non-Indigenous†¦show more content†¦While the cause of indigenous over-representation in prison remains a complex and contentious issue, it will not be the focus of this essay. Instead, this essay will assess programs and policies which have been pr oposed as measures to limit or reduce Indigenous incarceration rates. In general, programs and policies either aim to divert offenders from being imprisoned (diversion), reduce recidivism/ repeat offending (rehabilitation) or prevent indigenous people from committing crime at all (early intervention). This essay will discuss programs for indigenous adults but will direct significantly more attention to juvenile offenders. It will be reasoned that programs, which target the underlying causes of indigenous crime, have the greatest potential to reduce indigenous offending and re-offending. Restorative justice incorporates a number of programs which serve to primarily address the needs of the victims, the offenders (who must admit to their offence) and the needs of the wider community, rather than to simply enforce punishment or satisfy abstract legal principles (Daly Nancarrow, 2010). Diversion schemes, a branch of restorative justice, include courses of action which prevent juvenile offenders from entering or continuing in the criminal justice system. Diversion can occur at most points

The Global South Water Crisis Analysis Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

Water is humankind ‘s most basic necessity. Approximately one in eight people are without entree to clean, safe imbibing H2O ( JMP 2008:56 ) . The H2O crisis of the planetary South — Buenos Aires, Jakarta and Cebu in peculiar — is a complex, locally defined and combative issue ; debates about whether H2O is a public human right or a in private owned consumer trade good are taking precedence in development discourse on the international phase. We will write a custom essay sample on The Global South Water Crisis Analysis Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Built-in to this issue is a historic power relationship between the West — Europe, Canada and the US — and these aforementioned planetary South states in which the former has tended to profit at the latter ‘s disbursal. Yet the inquiry of bureau still remains: who has non merely the power, but the willingness to ordain alteration? Many Canadians have a minimum consciousness of the perpetuating H2O crisis, yet it is a common misconception that a solution lies non in the custodies of single agents, but national leaders. Until late, I held similar beliefs. While analyzing the quality of assorted H2O beginnings with a local concern, I realized that much of our society is to the full reliant on bottled H2O and that, most significantly, the sum of money spent on the added convenience could be used to assist extenuate the annihilating effects of this H2O deficit. First, this paper examines the current conditions of the crisis by detecting Nigeria, India and China. To be clear, H2O â€Å" crisis † refers to a deficiency of handiness, an inadequate or non-existent public supply web, and taint, all lending to a deficit of safe imbibing H2O. Furthermore, after analysing the ignored potency for Western multinational corporations ( TNCs ) to relieve the state of affairs in Buenos Aires, Jakarta and Cebu, and so rese arching the extent of H2O ingestion in the West, it becomes apparent that there is an chance for Canadians to lend to a solution. Before foregrounding this single bureau, it is necessary to get down by depicting some of the current conditions inherent to the H2O crisis. Although conditions vary and each instance in itself can non supply a entire representation, the illustration of Lagos, Nigeria demonstrates colonial and political hindrances ; Imphal, India reveals the troubles of supply and intervention ; and China provides penetration into the effects of pollution. First, the metropolis of Lagos — although the largest in sub-Saharan Africa — is plagued by a low quality of life and an unequal supply of H2O services despite economic growing ( Gandy 2006:371-72 ) . Sections of the deteriorating substructure, such as the absence of a working public sewage web, are chief subscribers to this issue of H2O handiness ( ibid:372 ) . Although non the lone cause, it can be traced in portion to a colonial history. As a prevailing trade Centre in West Africa, European presence left a permanent impact vis-a-vis a contrast in life criterions between colonial elites and the African bulk in Lagos who were non even considered portion of â€Å" the populace † ( ibid:375, 377 ) . British decision makers neglected the malignant urban conditions by concentrating on bettering affluent countries alternatively, proposing that these issues resulted from public upset instead than a deficiency of accountable policy enterprises ( ibid:375-76 ) . Such in equality was heightened in 1949 when colonial leaders responded to increased H2O deficits with limitations on the African population, forestalling them from rinsing and other everyday activities ( ibid:377 ) . Finally, merely 10 per centum of homes were left with direct entree to the municipal H2O system ( ibid:378 ) . Most devastating of all were the power structures set in topographic point by colonial swayers, which over clip have come to bring forth the bequest of a weak African province ( Gandy 2006:372 ) . With a high degree of national debt, local capacity to change by reversal the paralyzing effects of the H2O deficit are limited ( Biswas 2005:234 ) . Despite being the top industrial Centre of Nigeria after independency, the crisis was so permeant that it forced local industries to pass 20 per centum of their capital on buying their ain H2O ( Gandy 2006:381 ) . A current bastard and independent authorities unable to react to the demand for investing, coupled with disabling economic and cultural hindrances inherited from a dark colonial yesteryear, has been one of many subscribers supplying the evidences for the H2O crisis to go a powerful force. The fact that reconstituting this post-colonial system in locations like Lagos has non succeeded, unluckily, is partially due to an academic discou rse which lacks critical penetration into the nature of current conditions in Africa and beyond ( ibid:372 ) . Second, the state of affairs in Imphal, India provides an first-class presentation of jobs associated with H2O supply and intervention. Although moderate-sized metropoliss like Imphal are frequently ignored in current literature on the crisis, the atrociousnesss are merely as important ( Anthony 2007:224 ) . Harmonizing to the World Bank, scarce supplies and unjust monetary values have remained unchanged over the past three decennaries ( ibid ) . Of the legion substructure jobs confronting developing states, a deficiency of safe imbibing H2O is the hardest to decide ( ibid:223 ) . In a study conducted in Imphal, 50 per centum of families â€Å" spent more than a fifth of their income on H2O † ( ibid:229 ) . As supported by the aforesaid instance of Lagos, elites frequently have personal inducement in keep backing such a necessity ( ibid:224 ) . To supply a little cross-section of the fortunes, the beginnings, quality and handiness of H2O in Imphal will be considered. Refering the assorted beginnings of H2O that locals rely on where the public web is deficient, those with private connexions merely have entree for no more than three hours each twenty-four hours with unequal commissariats for storage, and those trusting on private or neighbourhood pools face dry seasons that greatly affect their supply ( Anthony 2007:228 ) . Water intervention workss lack the equipment to efficaciously supervise the quality of H2O, and since storage armored combat vehicles are non protected, taint is a major reverse ( ibid:234 ) . Both pool and piped H2O beginnings — although piped H2O is â€Å" treated † ab initio — normally have to be filtered by families to guarantee imbibing quality ( ibid:230 ) . The handiness of H2O, particularly refering the piped H2O system, is dependent on the location and income of families, although merely half of those designed to have entree do ( ibid ) . Third, to supply another illustration, China represents the dangers of pollution. Seventy per centum of river H2O in China is undrinkable as a consequence of taint from industrial waste, sewerage and agricultural chemicals ( Wu 2006:35 ) . The longest river in China, the Yangtze, is merely 28 per centum beverage, cutting through the most thickly settled countries and transporting waste H2O along with it ( ibid ) . At the present rate, harmonizing to Robin Clarke of World Climate News, an tremendous impact will be felt in the signifier of both nutrient deficits and a damaged universe ecology ( Coles 2005:14 ) . With astonishing effects, there is no denying the extent of the job ; nevertheless, the existent issue that needs to be addressed is the demand for a solution — investing. Now that some of the H2O crisis ‘ conditions have been identified, it is important to discourse the combative procedure of declaration. Although there are many prospective responses, including revamping dysfunctional political and economic constructions, one of the most common is that of investing. To do sense of the manner in which development organisations and Western histrions have participated, the influence of TNCs will be discussed, followed by specific surveies from Buenos Aires, Jakarta and Cebu. First, one must understand the connexion between the discourse on H2O denationalization in the alleged development universe and the function of TNCs. In 1992, the Dublin Conference on Water and Environment provoked a monumental alteration in the definition of H2O, labelling it foremost and foremost an economic good, while keeping that it was a human right ( Robbins 2003:1076-77 ) . With many developing provinces being unable to supply the substructure necessary for providing equal H2O and disregarding its economic value, the international development community deemed their actions both a failure and the cause of the crisis, governing that the World Bank, every bit good as other development bureaus, would alternatively go responsible for pull offing H2O as a private trade good ( ibid:1074, 1076 ) . Their primary agents, so, would be TNCs. Harmonizing to both the World Bank and former UN Commission on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) Secretary General Kenneth Dadzie, H2O must be suppli ed by agencies of denationalization, non the populace sector ( ibid:1077 ) . To keep an indifferent position, there are two sides to this argument to see. Those recommending for the private direction of H2O resources adopt the neoclassical economic attack by reasoning that shooting foreign direct investing into these â€Å" struggling † economic systems will supply additions for both participants ; in their eyes, mobilising the private sector is the lone solution to guaranting that public demands are met ( Robbins 2003:1074-75 ) . In contrast, local communities criticize TNCs for non merely being profit-seeking, implementing services to the disadvantage of the hapless, but besides for commanding denationalization as an oligopoly of a few corporations ( ibid:1074, 1076 ) . The issue that H2O is a human right that should be without cost besides comes into inquiry ( Anthony 2007:225 ) . Nevertheless, in utilizing Foucault ‘s construct of power, it is incontestable that TNCs use their planetary prominence to sell the apparently opposing thoughts of d evelopment and sustainability as one and the same ( Robbins 2003:1076 ) . Now that the phase has been set in supplying the background for this denationalization discourse, detecting a few instance surveies will be helpful in measuring the effectivity and influence of TNCs in the procedure of deciding the H2O crisis. With a important diminution in foreign assistance since the 1980s, TNCs are now considered the armory of development agents, foreign domestic investing being the quintessential ingredient for economic stimulation ( Fisher and Urich 2001:7-8 ) . Harmonizing to Anthony ( 2007:224 ) , the denationalization of H2O takes two different signifiers: either a complete coup d’etat by private companies, or a private-public cooperation. The undermentioned instances will uncover both the pros and cons of these options. First, the illustration of Buenos Aires describes the work of Suez, a TNC among the first one 100 of the Fortune Global 500 ( Robbins 2003:1075 ) . After doing a contract with local private H2O company Aguas Argentinas, Suez created a figure of policies refering the supply of H2O ( ibid:1078 ) . Ignoring occupants busying ownerless land, the company expanded H2O connexions by bear downing clients six hundred dollars and metering their use, coercing the hapless to pay more and doing connexions unaffordable ( ibid ) . Although Suez promoted their concern as â€Å" pro hapless † by widening entree to four destitute countries antecedently unconnected, â€Å" bettering † the life conditions, their successful â€Å" mean 19 per centum rate of return † during the first five old ages ended in 2002 with economic prostration ( ibid ) . Despite initial advancement being made, Suez counted the venture as a $ 200 million failure, finally showing their profit-oriented mentalit y ( ibid ) . Second, Suez ‘s work can besides be traced to a contract made with the Jakarta H2O service in 1997 ( Robbins 2003:1079 ) . They established 31 per centum more H2O connexions than had existed antecedently in a metropolis with half of its population life in the slums, yet those who benefited the most from this enlargement were from â€Å" really modest countries † ( ibid ) . It is of import to observe that although some perceive policies that are advantageous to the wealthy as negative, one must follow a wide position by every bit sing how both the hapless and rich are affected. However, despite new connexions being established, it did non intend that more hapless dwellers received running H2O ; on the contrary, most of them still relied on street sellers, with 70 per centum still without entree ( ibid ) . Local reaction to the Suez intercession came in the signifier of environmental and student protests, kicking about increased monetary values and a 48 per centum H2O esca pe ( ibid ) . An applied scientist from the public system claimed that the company â€Å" robbed everything [ they ] had, † and critics of denationalization emphasized Suez ‘s inefficiency every bit good as their deficiency of desire to convey betterment to the full system ( ibid ) . Third, in 1995 in Cebu, the Alliance — another TNC — proposed the Bohol-Cebu Water Supply Project aimed at both supplying H2O for under-supplied Cebu and well-needed gross for Bohol ( Fisher and Urich 2001:9-10 ) . Hazards were high — of the major concerns were happening a significant H2O beginning to pull from, covering with deposit and human waste saturating the H2O tabular array, and shrieking within a seismically active zone ( ibid:10 ) . Despite these factors, the Alliance promoted the â€Å" great investing † while disregarding intervention criterions and puting the authorities responsible for temblor hazards ( ibid ) . Sing themselves as â€Å" experts † in understanding the positive results, the company neglected the rights of stakeholders — including involvement groups — and the local populace to cognize how the undertaking would impact them, avoided their input and failed to utilize linguistic communication that would be unde rstood by all, finally bring forthing a deep misgiving ( ibid:11-12 ) . As a consequence, analysts declared that although TNCs have a immense function to play, economic involvements will ever endanger to acquire in the manner of environmental and societal demands ( ibid:17 ) . Whether one considers accomplishments or focuses on local resistance to denationalization, it has by and large resulted in more failures than success ( Anthony 2007:226 ) . The extent of the job was summarized in 2003 when Suez announced that they were retreating investing from â€Å" poorer † states and discontinuing to supply it in the hereafter due to high instability and a deficiency of short term returns ( Robbins 2003:1080 ) . Planing to recover the losingss accumulated as a consequence of these â€Å" Third World failures, † they declared a displacement in investing towards the â€Å" soundest † markets of the West — including Europe and North America — unless the IMF and World Bank could minimise hazards ( ibid ) . But it was non Suez entirely that adopted this stance ; most H2O companies held similar concerns about low rates of return in states of the â€Å" Third World, † being unable to trust on the hapless to supply gross ( ibid:1 080-81 ) . Although this is debatable for establishments like the World Bank who guarantee that the denationalization of H2O is the lone solution, TNCs are expressed about where their motivations lie: no net income means no investing ( ibid:1081 ) . European and North American TNCs have helped determine this procedure of relief, yet after neglecting to perpetrate to doing a permanent impact, the inquiry of where this investing will come from becomes pertinent. Although there are ever other options to see, one such solution Centres on the single bureau of Canadians. To analyse this, it is of import to first observe the extent of H2O ingestion in Canada and the West, followed by how persons can proactively react to the H2O crisis. With UN Millennium Development Goals taking to cut the unavailability of H2O by 50 per centum by 2015, any benefits from TNC denationalization — to whatever extent they provide them — are non plenty to replace the demand for assistance ( Cain and Gleick 2005:79 ; Peter and Urich 2001:17 ) . For those keeping authoritiess responsible, states have contributed a meagre 0.4 per centum of their gross national income to development aid on norm ( Cain and Gleick 2005:80 ) . Harmonizing to Cain and Gleick ( ibid:81 ) , consumers spend about $ 100 billion each twelvemonth on bottled H2O for gustatory sensation and convenience — probably less than the cost needed to supply H2O services — when tap H2O is 100s of times cheaper every bit good as normally safe for imbibing. Bringing these facts together, Canadian persons have the possible to take portion in planetary development, giving the â€Å" convenience † of the bottled trade good and lending the ensuing nest eggs to assist relieve the H2O crisis by run intoing the demand for assistance. Some undertakings such as LifeStraw fund the usage of instant microbiological purifiers to supply efficient H2O intervention for contaminated beginnings ( Vestergaard Frandsen 2011 ) . Others, The Water Project in peculiar, construct Wellss that supply safe imbibing H2O ; ten dollars gives H2O to one individual for 10 old ages ( The Water Project 2010 ) . Either manner, chances exist to change over Western ingestion into significant solutions. The H2O crisis is clearly non simplistic, easy to understand, or discernible on a individual degree, but instead, it plays out in many ways, with conditions changing depending on states ‘ political, cultural and economic characteristics. What can be analyzed is the extent to which Western TNCs have attempted to relieve these atrociousnesss by concentrating on investing through H2O denationalization ; unluckily, although non universally, most have chosen economic net incomes in leu of supplying basic human demands. There is a hope, so, that Canadian persons can enlist themselves as agents of alteration, giving some of their ain stuff amenitiess. By lending these nest eggs as a signifier of assistance, Canadians can rethink the manner they take for granted the luxuries of running H2O. As in most instances in development surveies, the first measure is to understand the many-sided nature of a argument. One can recognize that there will ever be differing positions based on the facts , with no right reply or perfect solution. Of greater importance, nevertheless, is that when persons learn to follow this critical oculus, they can no longer claim that Western â€Å" expertness † and methodological analysis is superior. Furthermore, disclosure demands application — conveying consciousness to non merely a freshly discovered duty as agents to run into these cosmopolitan demands, but a duty as members of a planetary community. How to cite The Global South Water Crisis Analysis Environmental Sciences Essay, Essays

Evolution of Management in Contemporary Workplaces

Question: Discuss about the Evolution of Management in Contemporary Workplaces. Answer: Introduction Management hypothesis concerning suitable management studies have developed in present day times. The purported traditional management hypotheses developed around the beginning of the 20th Century. These incorporate logical management, which concentrates on coordinating individuals and errands to amplify effectiveness, and managerial management, which concentrates on distinguishing the rule that will prompt to the production of the most proficient arrangement of association and management (Zeleny, 2016). Behavioral management hypotheses, created both previously, then after the fact the World War II, concentrate on how supervisors ought to lead and control their workforce to expand execution. Management science hypothesis, created amid the Second World War, has turned out to be more vital as specialists have created thorough investigative and quantitative strategies to help supervisors measure and control hierarchical execution. Eventually speculations were produced amid the 1970s to clarify how the outer environment influences the way associations and administrators work. Taylors Scientific Management The development of advanced management started towards the end of the 19th Century, after the Industrial Revolution had revolutionized the US, Canada, Europe. Little workshops kept running by talented specialists who created hand fabricated items (a framework called makes style generation) were supplanted by expansive processing plants. In these industrial facilities, hundreds or even a large number of untalented or semi-talented representatives controlled the advanced machines that made items (Zeleny, 2014). A hefty portion of the chiefs and administrators had just specialized learning and were caught off guard for the social issues that happen when individuals cooperate in extensive bunches (as in a production line or shop framework). Directors or managers started to look for new ways to deal with their associations' assets, and soon they started to concentrate on the most proficient method to expand the effectiveness of the taskemployee blend. Frederick W. Taylor is celebrated for characterizing the systems of logical management, the precise investigation of connections amongst individuals and assignments with the end goal of updating the work procedure to build productivity. Taylor trusted that the creation procedure would turn out to be more effective if the measure of time and exertion that every worker spent to deliver a unit of yield (a completed decent or service) could be lessened. He noticed that expanded specialization and the division of work could build productivity. Taylor trusted that the best approach to make the most proficient division of work could best be controlled by method for logical management systems rather than natural or casual dependable guideline learning (Smith, 2012). On the premise of his investigations and perceptions as an assembling administrator in an assortment of settings, he created four values to build proficiency in the work environment: Concentrate the way laborers play out their assignments, assemble all the casual occupation information that specialists have, and try different things with methods for enhancing the way errands are performed. Systematize the new strategies for performing assignments into composed tenets and standard working methods. Painstakingly select laborers with the goal that they have aptitudes and capacities that match the requirements of the assignment, and prepare them to play out the undertaking as indicated by the set up principles and techniques. Build up a reasonable or worthy level of execution for an undertaking, and after that build up a compensation framework that gives a reward to execution over the satisfactory level. Maslows Hierarchy of Human needs Various reviews showed that Management hypothesis evolved with "logical" and "bureaucratic" management that utilized estimation, systems and schedules as the reason for operations. Firms created pecking orders to apply institutionalized tenets to the work environment and punished work for damaging standards. Abraham Maslow's hypothesis of self-completion: his hypothesis is perceived as Hierarchy of Needs. It is shown in a pyramid and clarifies the unique stages and significance of human's mental and bodily wishes. To better comprehend worker idea, managers can utilize it as part of enterprise. The overall needs in Maslow's chain of importance contain physiological wishes (sustenance and apparel), well-being wishes (organization balance), social wishes (kinship), self-regard, and self-pride or consciousness. Maslow's hierarchy of desires identifies with authoritative speculation and conduct because it investigates a consultant's suggestion. According to Jacqueline et al, (2016), some humans only work best for money, because of companions, or the manner others regard and perceive them for their extraordinary work. The last level of intellectual development that can be finished whilst all essential and mental needs are happy and the "realization" of the entire individual capability happen. Inside the authoritative situation, if a consultant's decrease require on the chain of command is not always met, then the better ones are left out. For instance, if representatives are burdened that they will be released, and don't have any organization balance, they'll be involved about fellowship and regard. Demings Total Quality Management (TQM) TQM is a rationality or way to cope with management that spotlights on dealing with the whole business enterprise (or crew) to deliver great merchandise and ventures to customers. This manner to deal with management became achieved in Japan following the second international war (WW2) and changed into a primary factor in their economic renaissance. TQM has four significant additives. Worker contribution is fundamental in watching for exceptional problems before they occur. A consumer hub means that a company must undertaking to determine client desires and bring services that deal with them (Gupta, 2011). Dr. Deming's renowned 14 Points serve as management rules. The focuses develop a ripe soil where effective work environment, higher benefits, and expanded profitability may develop. Deming trusted that each laborer has almost boundless potential if put in a situation that sufficiently backs, instructs, and sustains faculties of pride and duty; he expressed that 86% of a specialist's viability is dictated by his surroundings and just negligibly by his own particular ability. Russell (2010) agrees that an administrator looking to set up such a domain has to: Utilize a comprehension of brain science - of gatherings and people. Dispose of devices, for example, creation portions and sloganeering, which just estrange specialists from their bosses and breed divisive rivalry between the laborers themselves. Shape the organization into a vast group separated into sub-groups all taking a shot at various parts of a similar objective; hindrances between divisions frequently give rise clashing targets and make superfluous rivalry. Conclusion To wrap up, there are imperative hypotheses of Management and every hypothesis has unmistakable part to information of what supervisors do. Management is an interdisciplinary and worldwide field that has been created in parts throughout the years. Various ways to deal with management hypothesis built up that incorporate the all inclusive procedure approach, the operational approach, the behavioral approach, the frameworks approach, the possibility approach and others. Frederick W. Taylor, Abraham Maslow, and others have added to the improvement of Management idea. The established management approach had three noteworthy classifications that incorporate logical management, authoritative hypothesis and bureaucratic management. Logical management highlighted the logical investigation of work techniques to enhance specialist productivity. References Zeleny, M. (2016) Innovation Factory: Production of Value-Added Quality and Innovation, Economics and Management, 9, 4, pp. 5865 Zeleny, M (2014) The mobile society: effects of global sourcing and network organization, Int. J. Mobile Learning and Organization, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 3040 Smith J. (2012) Knowledge of Enterprise: Knowledge Management or Knowledge Technology? International Journal of Information Technology Decision Making, 12, pp. 181207 Jacqueline, M., Pablo R., Sucky V., Kova? H. (2016) Entering the Era of Networks: GlobalOutsourcing Networks and Alliances, Quantitative Methods and Management, pp. 8597 Gupta S. (2011) The mobile society: effects of global sourcing and network organization, Int. J. Mobile Learning and Organization, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 3040 Russell L. (2010) Strategy and strategic action in the global era: overcoming the knowing-doing Gap, Int. J. Technology Management, Vol. 43, Nos. 1-3, pp. 6475 Ackoff R. (2014) The Evolution of Management Systems, CORS Journal, 8 (1): P 113 Slotine, Jean-Jacques (2013) Modular Stability Tools for Effective Management and Control, International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing

POLYMERS Polymers Are Large Molecules Composed Of Smaller Molecules Ca

POLYMERS Polymers are large molecules composed of smaller molecules called monomers. Monomers are produced and either grow together or are assembled to produce a single polymer. There are synthetic and natural polymers. Some examples of natural polymers would be wood, starches, fingernails, and hair. Synthetic polymers are usually referred to as plastics. Petroleum, is the primary monomer used to produce polymers. An English chemist named Alexander Parkes was the first scientist to produce the first synthetic polymer in 1862. John Wesley Hyatt, an American, was the first person to produce a useable polymer two years later. He named the product celluloid. The prime virtue of polymers is a high strength-to-weight ratio. Industrial-strength polymers surpass titanium in tensile strength. To add strength and improve flexibility, polymers are sometimes fortified with short-fiber additives, mostly fiberglass. This is known as a polymer composite. One particular polymer has three times the strength of tempered steel and is being used in bullet proof vests. Another composite will be used to fasten together the sections proposed space stations. Polymers have also been used in cars, including the Chevrolet Camaro and the Pontiac Fiero. New polymers are being created with more strength and flexibility by combing two chemically different polymers and producing a block copolymer. Combinations of block copolymers and composites and intended for use in booster rockets and in materials of Earth-orbiting installations. Most common polymers are usually solid, but a new class of polymers is being introduced in a liquid crystal state. Although these polymers still have the physical characteristics of liquid, they are structured more like solids. Many liquid crystals are transparent at one temperature and colored at another temperature. This makes them suitable for use in liquid crystal displays, such as in digital watches, hand-held calculators, and lap-top computers. A new liquid polymer, consisting of a mixture of iron and nickel, is being used to make metal links that can be used in paper, glass, and on electronic circuit boards. Despite the development and widespread use of polymers, scientific understanding is still sketchy. Polymer development has occurred through trial and error. Scientific shortcomings are becoming more apparent in the search for polymers that can meet the demands for high technology of today. The new study is on the microstructure of polymers while still in a liquid state. The purpose is to learn how the solid-state structure is developed. The ultimate goal is to be able to predict properties from a specific material under a constant set of processing conditions.

Cultural Intelligence by Earley, P. Christopher and Elaine Mosakowski

Cultural Intelligence by Earley, P. Christopher and Elaine Mosakowski From the reading, there is compelling evidence demonstrating that cultural intelligence is defined as an individual’s capability to deal effectively in culturally diverse settings, that culturally intelligent individuals engaged in global assignments understand what constitutes intelligent behaviors in different cultures through their emotional, cognitive, motivational and behavioral cultural intelligence, and that a propensity to suspend judgment or to think before acting is required to achieve cultural intelligence (Earley Mosakowski 139-141).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Intelligence by Earley, P. Christopher and Elaine Mosakowski specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The authors present a self-assessment tool consisting of three typologies and scores of cultural intelligence, namely cognitive cultural intelligence, physical, cultural intelligence, and emotional/motivational cultural intelligence (E arley Mosakowski 143). Upon completing the self-assessment, it is evident that my level of cultural intelligence is as follows: cognitive cultural intelligence = 4; physical cultural intelligence = 4.5; and emotional/motivational intelligence = 2.25. Consequently, upon reflection, it is clear that efforts need to be undertaken to develop the emotional/motivational cultural intelligence component, especially in having confidence to deal with people from a different culture (score = 2), befriending individuals whose cultural backgrounds are different from mine (score = 2), and having the capacity to adapt to the lifestyle of a different culture with relative ease (score = 2). All the limitations described above are emotional/motivational oriented, hence the need to develop and strengthen the amount of energy that can be proactively directed at cultural learning and adjustment, with the view to improving the confidence to deal with people from a different culture. Additionally, there is need to focus attention to developing intrinsic motivational faculties geared toward engaging in interactions with individuals from a different culture, and also improving the level of emotional competence required to interact effectively in a culturally diverse environment (Earley Mosakowski 140-143). It is believed that emotional/motivational cultural intelligence not only facilitates the possibility of people on international assignments to proactively engage in experiential learning and become more productive but also drives these individuals to internalize further behavioral cultural intelligence, which then facilitates them to act according to culturally accepted rules and actively adjust to culturally diverse environments.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another area of development aimed at enhancing the emotional/motivational cultural intelligence component resides in facilitating the attainment of a propensity to suspend judgment or to think before acting, with the view to using senses to register all the ways that individuals in global contexts may be different from those in home environments yet similar to one another (Earley Mosakowski 140). According to these authors, it is essential to observe the conduct of individuals up until a point whereby the observation begins to settle into patterns to develop anticipatory faculties of how these individuals will react in the next situation, and also draw inferences that will be free of the routine hazards of stereotyping. This way, it would be easier to befriend individuals whose cultural backgrounds are different, have the confidence to deal with them, and also develop the capacity to adapt to the lifestyles of these people. Lastly, in light of the limitations noted, it would be plausible to develop the body, heart, and head, with the view to understanding the impulse behind the observ ed shifts in cross-cultural contexts, facilitating the capacity to alter appearance and emotions as the situation may demand. Enhancing the emotional capability to effectively deal and interact with people whose cultural backgrounds may be different from our very own (Earley Mosakowski 142). The efficient combination of the three components (body, heart, and head), given the authors, is of paramount importance in the development of a well-rounded cultural intelligence capability. Earley, P. Christopher and Elaine Mosakowski. â€Å"Cultural Intelligence.† Harvard Business Review. 83.1 (2004): 139-146. Web.

Legalizing Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legalizing Prostitution - Essay Example Today, most countries consider prostitution as illegal, unacceptable, and subject to sanctions. However, these conditions have not killed this practice, as it continues invisibly from the law. Due to this case, authorities cannot address the problems that emanate from prostitution, since they cannot be reported as well. This therefore, puts the whole society at risk. Nonetheless, it is wise for countries to legalize prostitution so that it is practised in an organized manner that will ensure the safety of the prostitutes, their clients, and the society as a whole. According to Floyd, there are differences in the way prostitution was practised in the past, and how it is practised today. These changes are in the form of society’s perception of the practice, and the changes in prostitution itself over the years. Ancient Samaria, which is the present Iraq, holds the record of the earliest prostitution in 2400 B.C.E. This was in the form of temple maidens pleasing the gods and ensu ring land fertility through soliciting for temple donations in return for sexual favors. However, in later years, the Greek started practicing prostitution as business. This practice later spread to other areas, including Rome, China, among others. Today, prostitution is practised in almost all world countries in different ways. Weitzer notes that legalizing prostitution means that prostitution is tolerated provided it adheres to the set standards and regulations to ensure control. Legalization therefore, is part of regulation and aims at controlling all activities related to prostitution. When prostitution is legalized, it may involve conditions such as compulsory medical tests, registration of prostitutes, location, or zoning conditions, and registration and licensing of brothels, as well as escort agencies (â€Å"Legalizing Prostitution: From Illicit Vice to Legal Business.† 49). All these conditions and new prostitution laws will have to be enforced by the police. In lega lized prostitution therefore, any prostitute found operating outside the laid down set of rules is considered a criminal, as they will be guilty of engaging in unlawful prostitution (Dressler 102). Today, in most countries, including the USA, where prostitution is illegal, the government, through the legal system, penalizes prostitutes and their clients for actions they are involved in as consenting adults. In this situation, government finances are spent on efforts aimed at arresting prostitutes and their clients, and enforcing laws regarding prostitution. According to Weitzer, when prostitutes and their clients are arrested, the government incurs costs in the series of their prosecution process (â€Å"Legalizing Prostitution: From Illicit Vice to Legal Business.† 48). However, the resultant issue is that the police force and courtrooms are burdened with numerous prostitution cases they have to address, and finally, have very little or no impact at all on the case of prostit ution in the country. The prostitutes and their clients are always set free after paying their fines, and so they go back to the streets to continue with their business of prostitution. Therefore, the approach of catch and release employed by the legal system to curb prostitution has never worked nor has it registered any alleviation in the prostitution level in the country (Lehman & Shirelle 88). According to Weitzer, the rate of prostitution has sharply increased in the present years. This increase is attributed to the role the

Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Supply Chain Management - Essay Example h the finalization of eligibility criteria for enlisting the potential members. Thirdly, an information sheet about the rationale behind the formation of a supply chain needs to be submitted to the management for better understanding of the strategy in proper perspective.   It is in this backdrop, the proposal for building up a supply chain management system and selection of members for partnering discusses the strategy in detail. Procurement strategy Clients in the field of construction are more demanding and the contractors have to keep up to the schedule considering the cost overruns and penalties involved in case of delays. Value for money, timely delivery and quality plays an important role in formulating procurement policies. Therefore, while short-listing the suppliers as members of the supply chain management for partnering, their track record for integrity, timely delivery and dependability is given more weight for consideration. The flexibility of the suppliers, in the fa ce of change in requirements by the customers, needs to be given importance as the contractor cannot keep the goods in their inventory. It is important to ensure that the procurement schedule is finalized after making assessment of the current operations of the projects, the clients’ current priorities, documentation formalities and weaknesses noticed in the current schedule of operations. Matching the procurement program with the progress of the project demands care, tact and good business relationship on the part of the contractor with the client as well as the suppliers, because the projects are mostly one-off designs with complex interaction among various partners. Bower (2003) states, â€Å"It has been widely reported that extreme fragmentation is a particular trait of the construction industry†¦observed in the diversity of professions and trades in construction.† (p.10) In view of the uncertainties involved due to non-repetitive and non-standard nature of th e projects, diverting the materials procured for one site to another site could be planned at the time of taking procurement decisions. Benefits of teamwork and partnering Outsourcing: Benefits of team work and partnering accrues through outsourcing. Conceptually, â€Å"Cost of using something in a particular venture is the benefit foregone (or opportunity lost) by not using it in its best alternative use†. (Lipsey 1995, p. 259) If the company decides to use its capital effectively based on the opportunity cost by means of sub-contract or outsourcing, it increases its profitability and scale of operation. Selection of the right members for partnering depends upon several criteria such as financial strength, infrastructural facilities, storage facilities, reputation for timely delivery and dependability in view of the continuing business relationship envisaged in the process. Sub-contracting is also preferred in view of its cost advantage to the contractor. Ulku, Toktay & Yuce san (2007) â€Å"The supply chain may benefit from the separation of risk ownership and production capability. One of the primary drivers of

Functions Of Language In Daily Use English Language Essay

Functions Of Language In Daily Use English Language Essay There are many different languages in our world that are different. And each language has its rule. Language function is a part of the language. Also, each language has its function, which is used to communicate. Moreover, language function makes us to communicate correctly. If we dont know about language function, the sentences that we talk to other people will not complete. Although they can understand, but it can change the meaning. As we are teachers, we should be careful in teaching the function of language because if we teach a wrong function, it means that the students will receive a wrong language system, too. Therefore, the teachers should be careful about the usage of verbs or tenses, phrases, structures and vocabulary because these are the main factors that we can make our students to write or speak English correctly. Nowadays, there are many ways to teach the students to learn language functions. Some students think that language functions are boring. Then, they dont want to learn. However, we should use the better teaching technique for our students. Parker (2009) suggests that function is what the language used in language learning such as requesting, apologizing, ordering etc. In my view, I think that the function of the language is something to control the meaning or expression of the communication. The language functions. When we talk about language functions, we are talking about the reason we use a language. Basically, the function of language is used for communication; we use the language to give and receive messages between ourselves. We can break this down into language functions. When we communicate with language, we can: Compare and Contrast Make a complaint Express love or anger Persuade someone Give advice Ask for something Ask for something politely Hide the truth (lie) Warm Give information Explain a process Apportion blame Avoid saying anything and so on. Each language function can be associated with certain grammatical forms. For example, we often use modal verbs in a polite situation, Might I borrow your pen? Compare this to when the language function is one of demanding: Give me your pen! Although each language function deals with one main communicative need, it can cover different situations. For example, Asking for information directions can be used not only in the context of tourists finding their way round town, but also with new employees who need to find their bearings in a large firm. The same goes for Instructing others. Here the relevant language will be about giving orders, making strong suggestions etc. these can be used at work and also outside work at a hotel, when hiring a car, ordering a meal, etc. There are 3 types of the language function such as: First of all, informative languages function: essentially, the communication of information. They are: -The informative function affirms or denies propositions, as in science or the statement of a fact. -This function is used to describe the word or reason about it. -These sentences have a truth value. The sentences are either true or false. Secondly, expressive languages function: reports feelings or attitudes of the writer or speaker, or of the subject. For examples: -Poetry and literature are among the best examples, but much of, perhaps most of, ordinary language discourse is the expression of emotions, feelings or attitudes. -Two main aspects of this function are generally noted: evoking, certain feelings and expressing feelings. The last one, directive languages function: language used for the purpose of causing overt action. -The directive function is most commonly found in commands and requests. -Directive language is not normally considered true or false. -Example of this function: Close the windows. The sentence Youre smoking in a nonsmoking area, although declarative, can be used to mean Do not smoke in this area. How to teach language functions. The teacher should understand with the function of language clearly. In teaching, the teacher must give the students an example in each function. Moreover, the teacher may give them a situation that they can express the language function. For example: a student is at the restaurant, she wants to order something for her lunch. What will she say to a waiter? This is an example that the teacher may give to their students to think what the girl will say in order to order something. Therefore; ordering food is a function language. Parker (2009) explains that introducing students to the function of language, the teacher can give them to perform tasks or talk about the past, present, or future. Although, the beginner level can learn how to greet people. The important thing to remember when teaching function language, the teacher should: 1. Remember that the function does not appear in isolation. A request, or incitation, needs a reply. So, to give the students for a task, the teacher should teach in appropriate pairs. 2. Intonation is very important in speaking English when the function of language is presented. The tone in speaking and emphasis is just as important as the particular choice of words. For example, Could I have your attention, please? It is used when we speak in class, even though it is spoken as a request, is a demand. Could I have à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the spaghetti? Which is spoken in a restaurant, would be a polite request. 3. Remember the aspect of appropriacy. It is very important that the students must be careful of different situations which either for called formal English or allowed for a less formal option. In a restaurant, Can I have the spaghetti? It is less polite than Could I have the spaghetti, please? Moreover, he says that one function can have many different language functions. Here are the examples of different functions: 1. If you say anything, I will tell your parents. (Function-Threat/Warning) 2. Ill do the hovering, if you do the washing up. (Function-Negotiation) 3. Ill go to the shops for you. (Function-Offer) And one function can be expressed using several different language structures. For example: 1. If I were you, Id à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. (2nd conditional) 2. Why dont you à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Present tense question negative) 3. You should / ought à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (Modal/auxiliary verb) In addition, to teach a language function, the teacher may give the students some tasks or talk with them about the situations. The teacher should allow the students to study in the role play. In each situation, the students ought to tell the functions of language. To do like this will help the teacher knows the students ability in using language function. Examples of language function. There is an example of teaching language function for students that I have planned to teach about these topics. In each topic, I write the functions of language that they will learn. Topics Functions Topics Language functions -Greeting friends. -Greeting acquaintance. -Greeting strangers. Greeting -Classifying words. -Making compound/complex sentences. -Listening to a male college student. -Reading about meaning of colors. -Writing about making decisions. Types of Sentences -Describing things that can be counted, categorizing things. -Listening to a foreign student talking about the food her roommate likes to eat. -Reading about An American singer story. -Writing about shopping at the supermarket. Countable and uncountable nouns. -Classifying nouns. -Listening to an African man talking about his eating habits. -Reading about finding fat Santa. -Writing about an ad for Santa. Singular and Plural -Describing objects, people. -Listening to a man talking about sports. -Reading about a Cat story. -Writing about giving opinion. Determiners and Adjectives -Drawing conclusion, Describing habits. -Listening to a man talking about his dog. -Reading about A computer Whizz. -Writing about making a list. Present Time Passive Voice -Making sentences impersonal. -Listening to a woman talking about famous landmarks. -Reading about oldest soccer ball. -Writing about letters of inquiry. Past Time -Asking about things that happened recently, -Listening to man talking about his last vacation. -Writing about creating an article. Future Time -Talking about the future. -Making plans. -Listening to a man talking about his future plans. -Reading about going back to school. -Writing about your plans for the future. -Creating perfect tenses. -Listening to a woman talking about herself. -Reading about a pilot story. -Writing about solving a problem. -Identifying adjectives. -Listening to a woman talking about U.S. wedding traditions. -Reading about hearing loss. -Writing about your opinion. Adjective Clauses and Phrases -Expressing equity. -Reading about seat belt law. -Writing about radio ads. Degree -Classifying verbs. -Listening to a Spanish woman talking about culture shock. -Reading about Animal rights -Writing about environmental problems. Verbal -Creating noun clauses. -Listening to a man talking about a weird story. -Reading about business. -Writing about planning. Nouns Clauses and Reported Speech Present, Future, and Past Perfect -Talking about general truths, unreal situations. -Listening to a woman talking about events that arent true. -Reading about gadgets. -Writing letters. Conditional Sentences Sample list of language functions: There are the sample lists of language functions. Identify Imagine Express sadness Describe (people, places, things, experiences) State intentions Express + (other moods) Ask for information Discuss probability Encourage Give information Offer to do something Persuade Clarify Ask for permission Complain Apologize Give reasons Give and accept or refuse Greet Give opinions Compliments Make introductions Instruct how to do something Warn Correct information Check understanding others Request Talk about similarities Attract attention Talk about differences Agree State preferences Disagree Make suggestions Invite Give advice Accept Express enthusiasm refuse Express disappointment Express happiness The table from the school of teaching ESL. (www.schoolofTESL.com) There are example situations to use language function at various places. Introductions and commands. Dialogue: Ploy : Hi, I am Ploy. Im a new student. Teacher : Nice to meet you Ploy. Im Aoy-atchara and Im your new teacher. Please come in. Ploy : Im pleased to meet you. Teacher : Sit down, please. Vocabulary Im I am Its It is Lets Let us Dont Do not Language function Greetings Hi! Hello! (Formal) Good morning Good afternoon Good evening Language function Introducing yourself Hi! Im Ploy. Hi! My name is Ploy. Hi! Im Ploy. Hello. My name is Ploy. Hello. Im Ploy. Language function Informal responses Hi! Nice to meet you. Hi! Its nice to meet you. Hi! Nice to meet you, too. Language function Formal responses Hello. Its nice to meet you. Im Ploy. Im Ploy Surathana. Hello. Its nice to meet you. My name is Ann. Hello. Im pleased to meet you. Im Kai. Im Kai Srisuk. Hello. Im pleased to meet you. My name is John Kanyon. Hello. Im pleased to meet you. My name is Aoy and Im your teacher. The examples tasks. Whats the real meaning? The dialogue below shows the different exchange between the student and teacher. Ann: I can hear the phone. Paul: Im watching TV. Student: Why does Paul say Im watching TV? Teacher: Because hes is doing it now- at the moment of speaking. Student: But John is there he can see that Ann is having her lunch. Teacher: Exactly. Its happening now. Student: But why? The feedback The teacher does not focus on the functional meaning of Pauls utterance. In this context, Paul is making an excuse Im not going to answer the phone because Im having my lunch. It is only focused on the grammatical meaning of the structure Paul uses, does not to make this clear. Key Skill Understanding the underlying social meaning of certain utterances is at the heart of functional language. We often use language because we want to perform some kind of communicative act like making a request or offering advice. The expressions that we use to achieve this are known as functional exponents. Research According to Saichon Deeprasit, research on Analysis of Language Functions of Authentic Materials Based on Communicative Language Teaching. The purpose of this research was to analyze the language functions of authentic materials which had not been developed for educational purpose. Authentic materials were firstly analyzed into themes, topics and sub topics. Then their language functions were analyzed and developed six lesson plans for high school students. She used 70 authentic materials which were analyzed within 12 themes and the language functions were analyzed following 6 language function groups and 6 lesson plans were developed according to the highest frequency of occurrences found in each language function group. The language functions of imparting and seeking factual information; reporting including describing and narrating were the highest frequency of occurrences (84.29) From the research, it was found that in teaching language function, the students need to report, describe and narrate. It is a secondary research because the researcher has study from the language functions of authentic materials. (Saichon: Analysis of Language Functions of Authentic Materials Based on Communicative Language Teaching) Conclusion From this research I think that it is very important for the teacher in teaching language function because it is based on communication. Most of the students do not understand with the function of language. Sometime, the students dont know when they are used in the situation and how they should talks with a receiver. In my research, there are about the meaning of language functions, how to teach language functions and the examples of language functions. I am teaching grade 11 and the English textbook consists of 8 language functions, Introducing people, Giving an opinion, Giving directions, Making arrangements, Making a phone call, In a cafà ©, Buying a train ticket, and Giving advice. My students can communicate in English from these various situations both inside and outside classroom. They know not only what functions they can use with those situations, but also the language culture. For example, they can tell the tourist the way to Nong Prajak Park, or they can introduce their new friends to a foreign teacher. They also understand the appropriateness in using the language in formal or informal way. To illustrate, they said, May I come in, please? to get a permission from the teacher to enter the class whereas they said, Can I use your pen? to their friends. Besides, they can use the certain vocabulary according to the situations. They use the word, pay attention which means to be interested in. On the contrary, pay a lot of mon ey which means to spend money. Through my learning experience with Ajarn Steve Graham, language functions have benefited me in various ways. First of all, I can communicate in various situations by using the knowledge from the classroom to apply using them in reality. Moreover, on reading skill, I can cope with skimming, scanning, or even speed reading. In addition, on writing skill, I can express my ideas, agree or disagree from the articles both in the textbook and the one on his website, Harmony at all cost? Secondly, the comic section interests me in choosing the characters and making the dialogue which I think I wont have a chance to create this language function by myself. Most importantly, I have a good opportunity to express my opinion and discuss the interesting topics such as the educational system in Thailand and I can produce the target language from reading and writing skills through speaking skill. Language function is one of the major factors that ESL students need to learn. The potential communication has been created from the classroom first and the most success will consequently happen in the real world.

How employable individuals turn their focus to start-ups

How employable persons turn their focal point to start-ups?An Empirical Study on Factors Motivating Business Students to Travel to the Entrepreneurial SectorAbstract.This exploratory survey is efforts to analyze how employable persons turn their focal point to start-ups. Today, bulk of employees still rehearse a more or less self-protective scheme. In this paper the research worker has reported on the consequences of an empirical survey of factors actuating degreed possible employees to travel to self enterprising. The make up one's minding factors to go an enterpriser and of sustainable employment-oriented factors to be analyzed in order to detect how they differ. Participants consisted of 200 pupils from Malaysia entered concluding twelvemonth of concern undergraduate and graduate student plans. Self-administered questionnaires were used to garner informations on factors and types of relationships act uponing calling pick and entrepreneurial purpose. The consequences will function as a footing for betterment of employment patterns and assuring entrepreneurial course of study in universities to back up start-ups in making sustainable concerns.1. IntroductionToday, employees still act in conformity with employers ‘ official contracts and non doing attempts to pull prioritise attending from local independent concern proprietors. This paper ‘s chief purpose is to take a fresh expression into alumnuss ‘ outlook on the factors actuating employees when sing exchanging occupations if employed and to place the degree of involvement as they commence and develop entrepreneurial ventures. The survey chiefly examined why pupils decide to go enterprisers, hence, seven chief issues associated with alumnuss ‘ motive as they established, driving and developing their concerns, these being chosen following a procedure of pilot perusal of graduating pupils.2. Review of Literature2.1. OverviewA figure of research workers have attempted to see factors such as gender, grade point norm, continuance and field of survey and entrepreneurial household background as of import factors impacting pupils ‘ perceptual experience and attitudes towards the chance of new ain concern formation, and some of these factors clearly enhance or inhabit such inclination ( Oakey, Mukhtar and Kipling, 2002 ) .2.2.MotivationCoevals of start up thoughts have been explored by a figure of research workers. Opportunity acknowledgment is dependent on whether the enterpriser was extrinsically stimulated. A taking entrepreneurship text has recognised the â€Å"important deductions for enterprisers who need to be originative in their thinking† and of the construct that creativeness can be learned or enhanced ( Timmons & A ; Spinelli, 2008 ) . The three types of chances designation to the field of entrepreneurship as established by Sarasvathy, Dew, Velamuri, and Venkataraman ( 2003 ) are recognized, discovered and created. There are assorted motivations to get down a new venture. Harmonizing to Amit, McCrimmon, Zietsma and Oesch ( 2001 ) , money is of import but non needfully most of import. They argue that some of the cardinal non-monetary motivations for get downing up a concern include the wish to be independent and the combination of work and family duties. These start-up motivations may hold of import effects for the grade of ( over ) optimism that characterizes ( assuring ) enterprisers. For illustration, if an enterpriser is chiefly driven by wealth creative activity, it may be expected that ( s ) he is more likely to be disappointed if the turnover in the first twelvemonth is comparatively low. If the enterpriser is driven by the want to be independent, ( s ) he may be unpleasantly surprised by the strong trust upon a limited figure of clients or the bank. If the primary start-up motivation is working a sensed chance, the enterpriser may be faced with other people who came up with the same thought or perchance an overestimated market demand for the ( new ) merchandise. Gilad and Levine ( 1986 ) , agreed in their analysis on intrinsic and extrinsic that there are favoritism between start-up motivations. Intrinsic motivations include the desire for independency and uniting work with attention for household members. Entrepreneurs who are driven by such motivations will likely be less inclined to put unrealistically high monetary ends. Extrinsic motivations include two classs: pull and push factors. An chance of sensed net income is an of import pull factor of entrepreneurship, while ( the menace of ) unemployment is a well-known push factor. Sing the development of chances, As Hayward, Shepherd and Griffin ( 2006 ) argued, instigators of new ventures with overconfident will put to death excessively much capital to the chances. If enterprisers are ‘blinded ‘ by their ain thoughts and neglect to adequately measure the competition and the ( possible ) jobs to transform the chance into a profitable venture, over optimism is around the corner. Those who under employment or unemployment, belief that making new concerns assuring more expected public-service corporation ( Douglas & A ; Shepherd, 2000 ; Van Praag & A ; Cramer, 2001 ) .3. MethodologyGartner ( 1989 ) proposed that a common restriction of surveies into the forecasters of entrepreneurial purposes is the failure of research workers to take samples that are ( 1 ) comprised entirely of people who are serious about entrepreneurship and ( 2 ) who are in the procedure of doing the determination to go involved in making a new concern. Krueger, Reilly and Carsrud ( 2000 ) find that surveies consisting samples of upper-division college pupils can bring out job-related penchants at a clip when respondents are fighting with of import calling determinations. Therefore, it is acceptable and appropriate to look into entrepreneurial purpose using a sample of upper-class college pupils. ( Brice and Nelson, 2008 ) , it is of import to observe that the population of involvement in their survey consists of persons who perceive that they will go enterprisers and non needfully merely those who will really go enterprisers. This difference is important because while actions has been demonstrated to be predicted by purposes. Therefore, the focal point of this research remains at the entrepreneurial purposes degree of analysis. The sample chosen consists of graduate student and undergraduate concern grade plan pupils who were approaching graduation. When pupils contemplate graduation, they may besides develop immediate calling programs and long-range ends. The respondents are those from the concern subjects because, based on their subject involvement, they have already decided to prosecute business-related callings. For that ground, a homogenous sampling of university college pupils was included in this survey. This survey sample consisted of 200 pupils from University Colleges in Malaysia who participated using a structured questionnaire informations aggregation methodological analysis. Subjects consisted of concluding ( 3rd ) twelvemonth concern undergraduates and concluding twelvemonth Master of Business Administration ( MBA ) pupils in the concentrations of direction. They were appropriate chiefly because their academic concentration implied that they had serious involvement in prosecuting a concern cal ling. Based on literatures to set up the major feelings and spheres associated with start up purposes, the research worker has gathered his ain study instrument with a series of 29 employment -self employment related motivational points that could be practicably responded by pupils. The 7 chief subjects covered by the study inquiries include house and proprietor features ; involvement to start-up ; motive to exchange occupation if employed ; calling preferred timing and industry ; medium for seeking employment: desire and chance of wagess and chance ; standards of taking employers. Many of the points overlapped conceptually, but one of the purposes of the pilot survey was to pare the survey points after finding which preeminent represented the concepts. The research worker contacted pupils straight via targeted groups of respondents list arising from the Faculty of their academic major plan. Responses were gathered on a 5-point Likert graduated table runing from 1 = â€Å"extremely undesi rable† to 5 = â€Å"extremely desirable.† and entire graduated table mark was obtained by averaging the nine inquiries. Any points with a negative valency were rearward coded so that higher tonss were declarative of favourable entrepreneurial -related motives. Table 1, shows the hypotheses to be tested in this survey.4. Analysis and ConsequencesStudents ‘ primary motives to start-up were probed one time all the related information from the respondents was wholly obtained. In order to set up instrument dependability, Cronbach ‘s coefficient alpha was computed. The dependability coefficient was 0.71 which indicates that the instrument was dependable in its measuring of determiners for start ups. Information refering to each respondent ‘s age, gender, and expected wage was obtained to utilize as control variables in the analysis. Each of these control variables was recorded as non-continuous, categorical forecasters. Then, informations decrease technique is used to blossom the information embedded in the study informations. Hypothesis 1: Purpose for independent concern start-ups is higher than fall ining established houses After riddance of topics with study questionnaires were merely partly completed, the concluding sample totalled 196 pupils. As shown in Table 2, this sample was every bit represented between the genders, dwelling of 107 ( 54.6 % ) males and 89 ( 45.4 % ) females. Subjects were chiefly graduating undergraduate concern pupils ( 65.8 % ) and graduating postgraduate pupils ( 34.2 % ) . In fact, there were 129 unmarried man degree pupils who aged below 25 old ages than MBA pupils who aged 26 and supra. The bulk of topics were anticipating salary between RM5001- RM15000 ( 56.2 % ) which is non in conformity or earnable with employment even in established houses. Students ‘ responses for researching into entrepreneurial sector were gathered on a 5-point Likert graduated table runing from 1 = â€Å"Very Keen† to 5 = â€Å"Not interested at all.† Since the mean, average and mode values are really near to each other, it shows the information is symmetrical. The mean for the 196 pupils is 2.08 with a standard divergence of 1.088. The Trimmed average value of 2.01 is similar to the mean above. Hence, shows there are no outliers in the information set. In this study, since the sample size is 196, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov trial is used. The p-value of the trial is less than 0.001. Hence, the information is non distributed normal. Of the 196 pupils, 77 ( 39.3 % ) really enthusiastic towards start-ups, 52 ( 26.5 % ) tidal bore to start-up, 46 ( 23.5 % ) open to any chance, and 16 ( 8.2 % ) to see start-up option. Out of entire, 5 ( 2.6 % ) prefer employment. Since the correlativity value is within 0.5 to 0.8, start-up purpose among degree pupils is said to correlate â€Å"adequately† with at least one other variables in the concept. In this study, the KMO value is 0.819, which is considered good. Bartlett ‘s trial of sphericalness is used to analyze whether the correlativity matrix is an individuality matrix. Identity matrix can be ruled out if the p-value of the trial is less than 0.05 ( Karuthan and Krishna, 2009 ) . In this theoretical account, since the p-value is less than 0.001, the research worker returns with factor analysis. Since the research worker wanted to analyze the implicit in concept among the six variables: Curiosity, Interest, Consideration, Preparation, Puting Up and Start-up Timing. This is a individual implicit in construct ; hence, it is called the â€Å"Start-up Intent Structure† . Since the â€Å"Start-up Intent Structure† varies from individual to individual, it is a variable excessively. However, it can non be measured by physical agencies. Hence, it is called a latent variable or merely factor. The theoretical account for â€Å"Start-up Intent Structure† is given in Figure 4. In Figure 4, one can visualise six coincident arrested development maps: Curiosity, Interest, Consideration, Preparation, Puting Up and Start-up Timing as the dependants and â€Å"Start-up Intent Structure† as the independent. Curiosity = L1 ? â€Å"Start-up Intent Structure† + e1 Interest = L2 ? â€Å"Start-up Intent Structure† + e2 Consideration = L3 ? â€Å"Start-up Intent Structure† + e3 Preparation = L4 ? â€Å"Start-up Intent Structure† + e4 Puting Up = L5 ? â€Å"Start-up Intent Structure† + e5, Start-up Timing = L6 ? â€Å"Start-up Intent Structure† + e6 where Li ‘s are called the factor burdens and ei ‘s are the mistake footings. Table 4.1, since there are 6 variables in this analysis, 6 constituents ( or factors ) are listed in the first column. The several Eigen values and per centum of discrepancy explained are provided in the following two columns. For Factor 1, the Eigen value is 3.109 and the discrepancy is 51.811 % of the entire discrepancy. For factor 3, 4,5 and 6 the Eigen value is less than the default value of 1. In the same tabular array, under â€Å"Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings† , merely two factors are listed, matching to the factors for which the Eigen values is more than 1. Based on the cumulative % column, these factors explain 68.792 % of the entire discrepancy in the 6 original variables. Harmonizing to Karuthan and Krishna, ( 2009 ) established that, in societal scientific disciplines, at least 50 % of the entire discrepancy in the variables in analysis must be explained by the factor of factors. In this study, a individual factor extracted explains more than 50 % of the enti re discrepancy in the original variables. Hypothesis 2: Motivations to exchange occupation if employed in constituted houses associated with independent concern start-ups One manner Analysis of Variance is used to prove if there is a difference in agencies between motive variables. Based on Kruskal Wallis Test ( Table 5 ) for the average ranks, evidently, the degreed pupils are looking for a more ambitious calling in footings of expanded range of work, more duties and alteration in calling way rank much higher compared to the pupils who looking to fall in a more constituted and stable administrations. On the other manus, 82.20 % pupils feel that they need to get away from unfavorable office working environment such as non happy with equals, foremans, office political relations and etc. Table 3.1, supports pupils involvement, whereby 97.4 cumulative per centum and average rank shown chance of sing the new concern start-up. Table 6, the p-value for the Levene ‘s trial for equality of discrepancy is 0.000, which is less than 0.05. Therefore, equality of discrepancies is non assumed. Table 7 depicts that the F-value is 3.933 and the grades of freedoms are 7 and 188. A little F statistic implies that the difference between group means is little and, therefore, it could be concluded that there is no difference between the group means. The p-value of the trial is 0.000, which is less than 0.05 and the eta-squared value of 0.128, which is less than 0.15, hence, at least one brace of agencies differ significantly. Therefore there is a demand to place the brace that differs significantly. In this instance nonparametric trial is performed. Based on Kruskal Wallis Test, the p-value of this trial is 0.000, which is less than 0.05. Therefore, at least one ground differs in footings of motive towards self-employment instead employment. From the mean of all motive concepts, it could be argued that most pupils are acute to get down their ain concern ( average rank 109.37 ) and the chief motivation for start-up instead than sing employment is looking for more ambitious calling ( average rank = 110.89 ) , followed by working environment grounds ( average rank = 82.20 ) and the demand for fiscal security ( average rank = 68.96 ) . The research worker identified two types of possible enterprisers depending upon their intents at the clip of get downing the concern: foremost â€Å" self-acting † who placed high precedence on non holding to work for others, and secondly, â€Å"company-men † who builds the organisation. This research obtains interesting findings and makes of import tri-party parts for pupils as future enterprisers, for policy shapers in big established companies and for the decision-makers or course of study interior decorators of universities. As the consequences have shown, the motive that encourages pupils to get down up a new concern, their wonder with the thought of the new concern or the difficult work they are willing to set in readying phase of the new concern, along with their start-up timing, are cardinal in the start up of the new concerns. Detecting this rule, the new concerns are formed non merely by those alumnuss who can make it, nevertheless, by the alumnuss who to make it matching with those who have the â€Å"acquired eagerness† to make that. However, policy shapers in established companies need to guarantee that their employees working in a contributing office working environment with concentrating more on employee relationship direction. That likely will f orestall employees to exchange occupation looking for favorable working environment which free of office political relations. Within this model, pedagogues are playing a really of import function. Recently, Malayan universities and governmental organic structures have made attempts which include classs on new venture creative activity, nevertheless, it is non sufficient since the topic is non practiced or implemented from the lowest degrees of schooling.4. RecognitionsA particular thanks is due to the Dean of Business and Accountancy Faculty without whose openness and fairness this research would hold been impossible.

Zero Translation of Brand Name of Electronic Product

Brand name translation is important for these companies to make their products acceptable in China. But brand name translation is more difficult than translation of other text types because of its features and functions. Among all translation theories, functionalist translation theory, proposed in Germany in 1970s, breaks through traditional translation theories and focuses on functions of translation action. It provides zero translation with theoretic support. Zero translation is appropriate for brand name translation because zero translation emphasizes the effect of translation.This thesis is going to introduce the difficulty of brand name translation, zero translation and functionalist translation theory with many examples of electronic product brand name to prove that zero translation is an effective method for translating brand name. Key words: Zero translation; Functionalist translation theory; brand name; electronic products I , , , ,20 70 , , : ; ; ; II Zero Tra nslation of Brand Name of Electronic Product Introduction During recent decades, China has become one of the largest markets in the world, and all international companies sell their products and services in China, including electronic products. In order to increase sales in China, many companies translate their brand names in Chinese to help Chinese consumers recognize and accept their products. However, there are many difficulties in translating brand names. On one hand, brand names and their translations must be informative and concise.On the other hand, there are unavoidable differences between the culture of SL and that of TL. Equivalence-based theory focuses on the translation and the equivalence of content. But if the translation of brand name is simple, it often cannot express the cultural meaning of brand name in SL or the characteristics of products, and users of TL cannot understand the brand’s meaning or imagine the product’s characteristics as users of SL d o. If the translation of brand name expresses the cultural meaning of SL fully, it usually cannot be simple and easy to be memorized.Thus, how to translate brand names is difficult. In 1970s, functionalist theory was put forward and it emphasized the purpose of translation rather than the equivalence of content. The purpose of brand translation is to transmit the information of products such as advantages of products and the culture of company to domestic consumers. In consideration of conciseness and cultural differences, many brand names are translated with transliteration and transference. In 2001, Professor Qiu Maoru brought about a new term, zero translation, after the study of non-translation by Professor Du Zhengming in 2000.In the view of Qiu, zero translation includes omission, transliteration and transference. In recent years, some studies have proved that zero translation is an effective method of brand name translation and it agrees with the functionalist translation the ory. Since 1970s, with the development of technology, a large number of electronic products, such as computers, mobile phones, digital 1 cameras, have been developed and produced, and they have succeeded in changing people’s life style and work pattern.This thesis is going to prove that zero translation is an applicable method of brand name translation by providing some typical examples and by analyzing the usage of zero translation in brand translation. Chapter 1 Literature Review 1. 1 Study of Du Zhengming Professor Du Zhengming defines zero translation as non-translation and he thinks that not only transferring the original form of SL into TL is a kind of non-translation but also transliteration is a kind of non-translation because non-translation is the opposite of translation and because translation is to translate meanings.Du negates zero translation as a special method of translation, and it was unacceptable by others that his concept of zero translation covered transl iteration and non-translation. 1. 2 Study of Qiu Maoru In 2001, Professor Qiu Maoru published an article named Translatability and Zero Translation in Chinese Translators Journal and brought forward the item, zero translation. â€Å"Zero translation means translating words in SL without using the ready-existing words in TL. It includes two meanings: 1. translating with a deliberate omission of words in SL; 2. ranslating without using the ready-existing words in TL. † (Qiu 26) It is the first time that zero translation appears and triggers more debates on the definition of zero translation.But the omission should not be considered as a kind of zero translation because it is different from transference and transliteration. The omission is used to keep briefness without losing cultural meaning of SL, but the other two are applied for avoiding losing cultural meaning, therefore the purpose of omission is different from those of the other two methods. 1. Study of Liu Mingdong 2 In 2002, Liu Mingdong divided zero translation into two kinds, absolute zero translation and relative zero translation on the base of the study of Qiu. The absolute zero translation means direct usage of original form in SL and it includes ellipsis and transference. Relative zero translation is to express words of SL with the appropriate usage of words in TL and it includes transliteration, sound-meaning combination translation, complementary translation, image translation, literal translation with notes and adaptation.Although Liu developed the concept of zero translation, he still did not clarify the definition of zero translation. 1. 4 Study of Zhang Mengya In 2011, Zhang Mengya, in an article discussing brand zero translation, divided zero translation into two kinds, narrow zero translation and general zero translation. The former is transference and the latter contains transliteration and complementary translation. She further analyzed zero translation under the functionalist tra nslation theory and thought that zero translation of brand name helped companies express their spirit based on the consumers’ cultural habits.Although the definition of zero translation is still unclear, translators have accepted the concept of zero translation and take it as a common translation strategy. This thesis will not focus on the definition or the classification of zero translation and it will analyze the usage of zero translation in brand name translati on to prove the applicability of zero translation. Chapter 2 Introduction to Brand Name In the modern society, the world has unprecedented prosperity of economy, which embodies the improvement of living standard, the decrease of unemployment and the production of various commodities.Meanwhile, competition is so fierce that all companies seek their own advantages to expand sales. Some companies with long history and virtue of excellent quality regard brand name as a significant advantage because it symbolizes recogni tion and faith of customers. What is brand name or trade 3 mark? â€Å"‘Brand name’ is the name given to a product by the company that makes it† (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 207) Brand name is a distinctive sign that help customers distinguish or identify particular products or services which produced or provided by a specific person, enterprise or a group of persons or enterprises.For example, in 1972, in order to change its brand name to a special one, Standard Oil Company in New Jersey spent million dollars and hired hundreds of people and they managed to discover a group of letters, Exxon, which had been never used in any language on Earth and thus would avoid ambiguity. When people see Exxon now, only Exxon Oil Company appears in their minds because Exxon has no other meaning but Exxon Oil Company and it is easy to be distinguished. This example shows some features of brand names such as conciseness, identification and novelty.In the following part, the author will discuss features of brand names. 2. 1 Features of Brand Name: Conciseness, Identification and Novelt y Brand name helps consumers to distinguish its products or services from others', therefore it must be so easy to be recognized that people are likely to notice its products among products of the same kind, in other words, brand name must be concise and distinctive. Identification helps people to be aware of differences between different products.For example, brand names of mobile products of Apple Company include iPhone, iPad, iPod and iTouch and the company plans to produce a television called iTV. It is easy to recognize products of Apple Company because their brand names begin with the letter I, and even some people think of Apple Company when they see any sign beginning with the letter I. Brand name should be short because it is hard to be remembered if it is too long. It is undeniable that a long brand name leave people deep impression, but they can hard ly distinguish it from similar ones.Because some shorter ones are imitated, for instance Hike imitates Nike and Kuma imitates Puma, let alone longer ones. Brand names are supposed to leave people deep impression as long as possible and some particular brand names always appear in their mind when they want to buy something. Novelty is a feature of brand name and it can not only avoid ambiguity just as the example of Exxon shows but also offer 4 people pleasant feeling and fresh impression. Nokia adopts Lumia as its next series of Window Phone because Lumia is easy to be pronounced in all languages and has no negative meaning in any culture. . 2 Functions of Brand Name As mentioned above, brand names are concise and novelty, as a way of identification. Those features are met to suit the functions of brands. 2. 2. 1 Informative Function Brand name is directly linked to product, showing people their features. But brand name usually shows only one of their features of product because it is short. Some brand names come from the location or the main founder of company. For example, BMW, the world-famous automobile brand, is the abbreviation of Bavarian Motor Works, which shows that the company is located in Bavaria.Nokia, one of the largest handset manufacturers in the world, is just the name of the small town in Finland where the company was created in 1865. Goodyear, the third largest tire maker, is named after Charles Goodyear, the inventor of vulcanized rubber. Sennheiser, the famous audio equipment manufacturer, is named after its founder, Fritz Sennheiser. Some others show the quality or the cultural meaning of product such as the effect of products and the goal of purchase.For example, Lux, a soap brand name owned by Unilever, stresses the effect of the soap, which lusters the skin, because the letter lux shares the same root word with the letter luster and it is the unit of illuminance. Pampers, the most famous brand of baby diapers owned by P;G, reflects the love from parents to children. These brands named after people and location have little cultural meaning and they just show the history or information of company. But others are created on the base of culture and their results of translation are meaningless if they are transmitted without the ground of culture. . 2. 2 Stimulating Consumption When a company launches new products, it must consider and identify target 5 customers to meet the particular need of them because people of different ages, nations and genders have various needs and preference. Even for the same kind of goods, for example mobile phone, different people have different needs. Females usually focus on the appearance, elders prefer to long standby time and teenagers intend to pursue high-end configuration and more functions. Thus, with the limit of cost, new products should highlight their different advantages.Similarly, brand names should also cater to target customers to stimulate consumption. Brand names of aut omobile should reflect the pursuit of speed or safety, for example, the letter Rover in Land Rover, an automobile manufacturer that specialize all-terrain vehicles, is the name of an ancient Nordic nation, representing bravery and riding waives. Volvo is a world-famous automobile manufacturer too and its brand name means rotating wheels, representing moving forward. However, cosmetic brand name should leave people, especially women, feelings of beauty and youth.People always imagine refreshing and cleanliness when they use products of Clean-Clear, and another brand name, Biotherm, shows perfect combination of human and nature, because bio represents human life and therm mineral springs. 2. 3 Common Methods of Brand Name Translation There are some common methods of brand name translation, including transliteration, literal translation, free translation and mixed translation. â€Å"Transliteration is a method which is used often. It refers to write a word, sentence, etc. n the alphab et of a different language on writing system†(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 2136) Many companies adopt transliteration because it can keep the pronunciation and exotic flavor of the original form closely. Some of brand names that adopt transliteration are Nokia as , Motorola as and Adidas as . Literal translation is the rendering of text from one language to another word-for-word and it expresses the meaning of words or characters of brand name. Therefore, literal translation is the most common because it convey message of brand name directly and keep fidelity of brand name.Apple as , Blackberry as ? 6 ?, and Red Bull as apply literal translation. â€Å"Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original†(Newmark 46). This method maintains the original meaning and achieves fluent and natural expression in TT, but it sacrifices the original for m. Free translation has advantages in expressing functions and effects of products and in arousing identification of customers. For instance, Whisper as ? belongs to this method.Mixed translation combines transliteration with literal translation to preserve similarity of meaning and pronunciation. For example, Safeguard as and Head ; Shoulders as . 2. 4 Difficulties in Translating Brand Names The above part presents features of brand name, including conciseness, identification and novelty. When international companies sell their products or services in a foreign country, they usually translate their brand names into the local language because these foreigners are unfamiliar with products or brand names in foreign languages. Thus it is necessary to translate brand names.But translating br and names is more difficult than creating a new brand name because translation not only conforms to these features but also faces the difference of culture. The difference of culture has existed s ince the beginning of translation. Unlike translation of article, which can explain cultural differences by annotation, translation of brand name has no room for annotation because brand name must be short. Therefore translation of brand name always loses a part of information of the original form such as pronunciation, form and cultural meaning. For example, in China, Lux is translated as which only maintains pronunciation but has nothing to do with effects of product, therefore Chinese customers are unlikely to feel effects of product when they see this Chinese brand name. Like the translation of Lux, that of other brand names usually keeps pronunciation but neglects the cultural meaning. But it is true that some translators abandon cultural meanings deliberately to avoid conflict of culture because of special cultural preference and taboo. Arabs disfavor panda traditionally because panda looks like pig that Allah forbids Islamists to eat in the Quran. In western culture, peacock is 7 greedy and evil animal just as Lord Shen, who is a white peacock and the main villain in Kung Fu Panda 2, therefore peacock should not appear in brand names in western countries. In order to solve problems of the translation of brand names, translators have sought many translation strategies such as homophonic pun, transliteration and paraphrase, and a new concept of translation strategy has appeared since the beginning of 21st century. In the following part, the author will introduce this new concept, zero translation. Chapter 3 Introduction to Zero Translation 3. 1 The Concept of Zero TranslationThe concept of zero translation was mentioned firstly by Professor Qiu Maoru in 2001. In his article Translatability and Zero Translation, published in Chinese Translators Journal, Professor Qiu brought forward the new item, zero translation. In order to explain this item, he pointed out that zero translation meant translating words in SL without using the ready-existing words in TL and classified it into two kinds. The first one is translating with a deliberate omission of words in SL and the other one is translating without using the ready-existing words in TL. The first kind is used to olve problems of lexical and syntactical differences between two languages and it is called Omission by Zhang Peiji in A Course in English-Chinese Translation. But there is no lexical or syntactical problem in brand name translation because of the limit of length. The other kind includes transference and transliteration. Transliteration maps the sounds of source language to the best matching script of goal language, meaning English words are translated into Chinese characters and they have phonetic connection. Transference is a translation technique that employs foreign words directly in goal language.Professor Qiu thinks that both transliteration and transference belong to zero translation because they use no ready-existing words of TL. In 2001, Liu Mingdong further studied z ero translation on the base of result of study of Professor Qiu. Liu divided zero translation into two kinds, absolute and relative zero translation. Absolute zero translation is to use foreign words directly 8 without any change. Both transference and ellipsis belong to this kind. The other kind is to translate original words by using words or characters of goal language with artful change. It contains transliteration, sound-meaning combination translation, complementary translation, image translation and literal translation with notes and adaptation† (Liu 30) Liu realized that it was difficult to find an equal script of TL for all translation actions and that adopting zero translation is unavoidable. Although many scholars have proposed their own opinions on zero translation and had a heated discussion since the appearance of zero translation, widely accepted methods of zero translation contain transference, transliteration, sound-meaning translation and complementary transl ation. . 2 The Difference between Zero Translation and Non-translation Zero translation is different from non-translation, which is presented by Du Zhengming. He thinks that non-translation was opposite to translation. Defining zero translation as non-translation, Du stresses that the aim of translation is to convey meaning of original content and transliteration is not a method of translation because transliteration hardly expresses original meaning in TL. In his view, employing the original form of SL without any change belongs to non-translation too.But his viewpoint is not accepted widely. The discussion of zero translation and non-translation refers to that of translatability and untranslatability, which has been debated since May Fourth Movement. Proponents of translatability acknowledge difficulties in translation as the result of cultural differences, but such difficulties can be solved by translators. The task of translator is to achieve better effect of translation by expl oring new translation strategies. The idea of proponents of untranslatability is opposite.They emphasize the incommensurability between languages, which means that the information of one language cannot be conveyed fully in another language. What is more difficult than the incommensurability between languages for translators is the incommensurability on culture level and the latter one embodies in the former. They overemphasize deficiency and the uselessness of translation. But they absolutize the cultural 9 difference and something special in one language. Changing and reforming special information in SL are common in practice of translation and such information is only a small part of the context of SL.The fact of translation history for thousands years also refutes the untranslatability. From the above introduction, it is clear that zero translation is different from non-translation because non-translation negates the aim of translation and the practice of translators but zero tr anslation is an effective strategy to cope with untranslatability. In Zero Translation vs. untranslatability: On Essence of Zero Translation, Luo Guoqing stated that untranslatability was paradox and pseudoproposition. â€Å"Translation is cross-linguistic and bidirectional communication.Translators have ability to lead readers into the culture of SL to cognize the item of SL, which is progressive and respective sense of zero translation. â€Å"(Luo 120) In the age of information explosion, workload of translators has increased sharply and they are likely to face more untranslatable items. In such situation, zero translation is a good solution because it can not only prove efficiency but also realize communicational function. Zero translation approaches the original form with no or little change and provides better understanding of cultural meaning of SL for readers than traditional methods do. . 3 Usage of Zero Translation Before the concept of zero translation was proposed, its methods had been adopted in translation of, especially, proper names, abbreviation and words with special cultural meaning. Now, the writer is going to provide some examples of zero translation. 3. 3. 1 Translation of Proper Names Proper names include people's name, place name, terms and abbreviation. Because of differences of pronunciation and writing system, proper names are more difficult to translate than other words. In TL, there always is no equal part corresponding to words of SL.But they are the most active part of language, thus they 10 will be communication obstacles if they are not translated. The translation of proper names, which should consider SL and keep accuracy, often adopts transference, transliteration and complementary translation. The following part will discuss the translation of people's name, place name, terms and abbreviation. Terms are professional words in particular areas with characteristics of time and profession. Because their meanings changed with th e development of their own areas, translation of them must be accurate and zero translation is the best way to translate them.Examples of transference are DNA, SARS, USB and GPS, and those of transliteration include clone as , gene as and Hertz as . Although these examples look simple, zero translation manages to meet terms' requirement of accuracy and standardization. In Zero Translation: Translation Strategy of Standardization of Scientific and Technological Terms, Wang Juxiang and Sang Yuanwei concluded that standardization of scientific and technological terms are translated most precisely by zero translation. (Sang, and Wang 35) People's name and place name contain obvious cultural identity.Place name often indicates geographic feature, products and history of the place. In the past, Chinese names were transliterated on the base of Wade-Giles romanization, which was invented by Thomas Francis Wade, a British diplomat. But the accuracy of Wade-Giles system has weaknesses, for example Peking as and Chingtao as ? ? . With development of Standardization, people's name and place name are transliterated on the base of Pinyin such as Beijing as . Many translations have been fixed and some of them are Tom as , Alice as , London as .Because of cultural permeation, it is common for people to speak original names without any translation to express their friendliness. Most names are transliterated but some adopt sound-meaning translation, for example Cambridge as and New Delhi as . Such diversification of translation means that translation of name is becoming less strict and the world more open and inclusive. 3. 3. 2 Translation of Abbreviation An abbreviation is â€Å"a short form of a word or expression. â€Å"( Longman Dictionary 11 of Contemporary English 3) Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase.It is convenient for people to read and write. For example, people usually do not speak or write Orga nization of Petroleum Exporting Countries but its abbreviation, OPEC. Such words have clear meaning but are too long for communication. They are created with social and scientific progress to meet the need of communication and have been widespread. Such words include ATM, NBA, GDP and VIP, etc. People can translate every word of original form into Chinese characters and results of such translation are correct, but these translations are still too long, for instance , , .Therefore most abbreviations are transferred and some abbreviations are transliterated. Table 1 Translation of Abbreviation Abbreviati Original Form Translation on Zero Method Translation OPEC Organization of Petroleum Transference Exporting Countries OPEC Transliteration WTO World Trade Organization WTO Transference WHO World Health Organization WHO Transference CEO Chief Executive Officer CEO Transference GDP Gross Domestic Product GDP Transference TOEFL Transference TOEFL Test of English as a Foreign Langu age DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid ? Transliteration DNA Transference 3. 3. 3 Translation of Words with Cultural Meaning Zero translation is an effective strategy to translate words with unique cultural meaning. Such words, created in the history and tradition of particular group of people, have obvious features of area, history and nation. They are difficult for 12 translators because there is no equal part in TL. For example, people of TL cannot have the same feeling of people of SL when they read or hear Avatar because, in culture of TL, there is no such a god or person like avatar. Thus it is better to adopt transliteration to solve this problem.In translating ancient poems, it is difficult to translate traditional musical instruments such as . This unique instrument always leaves people deep beautiful impression of young women. If it is translated as violin or other western instrument, foreign readers are likely to have incorrect feelings. Thus it is better to translate it as pi pa by pinyin. The study of zero translation needs theoretic support. In the following part, the writer is going to analyze zero translation under functionalist theory. Chapter 4 Introduction to Functionalist Translation TheoryTraditional translation theories focus on equivalence of text, which means the transmission of message, but neglect functions of translation such as cultural communication. Nida's theory of dynamic equivalence and that of functional equivalence break the limit of traditional translation theories, but they are inadequate to process cultural elements in ST. In 1970s, functionalist translation theory appeared in Germany and flourished. It deemphasizes the equivalence of text, puts translation action into cross-cultural communication and considers function of translation as the core of theory.There are four people making great contributions to functionalist theory. They are Katharina Reiss, Hans Vermeer, Justa HolzManttari and Christiane Nord. This part is going to introduce their studies. 4. 1 Katharina Reiss Reiss proposed a model of translation assessment based on functional relationship between ST and TT in the book Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism. She points out that function of text should be a criterion of translation criticism. Her theory adheres to equivalence-based theory and advocates that the ideal translation is the achievement of equivalence of content, language form and 13 ommunicative function. But in practice it is impossible to achieve such equivalence. She is aware of the fact that not all functions of TT are the same as those of ST, and the form of TT is unnecessary to be same as that of ST, which means translation action does not need to achieve equivalence in traditional theories. Thus the function of translation is more important than equivalence. Translation criticism should depend on the circumstance of text, not on the analysis of features of original text, which takes precedence over traditional th eories.She thinks that a text has many functions but only one is dominant and this one controls the whole translation action. The judge of text type helps translators to determine the level of equivalence that should be achieved and to select the proper translation strategy. Reiss divides text types into three kinds, informative text, expressive text and operative text. Brand name belongs to the last kind whose purpose is to lead readers to act in a certain way. â€Å"Therefore, both the content and form are subordinate to the extralinguistic effect that the text is designed to achieve.Operative text translation should be guided by the overall aim of bringing about the same reaction in the audience. â€Å"(Zhang 10) 4. 2 Hans Vermeer Vermeer put forward the most important theory of functionalist theory, Skopos Theory. Skopos is a Greek word, meaning aim or purpose. He thinks that translation, like other human actions, has particular purpose, which is the core of the whole action o f translating. Just as his teacher, Reiss, does, he considers that the purpose of translation determines which method should be used. ‘Skopos theory' focuses above all on the purpose of translation, which determines translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result†(Mundy 97). Skopos theory has three rules, the skopos rule, the coherence rule and the fidelity rule. The skopos rule means the result of translation enables translation of text to realize its functions in the situation it is applied and with people who use it. In other words, the aim of translation determines the action of translation and the result of 14 translation decides selected strategy.The coherence rule, also called intratextual coherence, means that TT must be natural and fluent in TL and be understood by receivers, given the culture and circumstance of them. TT is the transmission of ST, and the content of TT must bear relationship with tha t of ST. Such relationship is called fidelity. From the above introduction to skopos theory, it is clear that the most element of translation action is addressee. Because receivers' culture, knowledge and needs determine the method and the strategy of translation. The three rules should be applied in zero translation of brand name.The aim of brand name translation is to keep the flavor of brand name in ST, which is the first rule. The second rule is to make the result of translation acceptable and understandable in culture of TL. The last one, the fidelity rule, preserves features of original brand name as many as possible. Therefore zero translation of brand name must adhere to the three rules. 4. 3 Justa Holz Manttari Manttari further develops functionalist theory and expands the area in which functionalist theory is adoptable. In her theory, translational action is regarded as a complex action designed to meet particular needs.Translation, driven by purpose, is to transfer messag e with cross-cultural communication. She mainly studies translational action, roles in such action and circumstance in which translational action occurred. 4. 4 Christiane Nord Nord firstly systematizes functionalist approaches and introduces functionalist translation theory comprehensively in her book Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained in 1997. She agrees with the above three scholars' theories and creates her own theory, function plus loyalty. In her opinion, translators would abandon useless part of ST after they clarify the purpose of translation.She stresses the importance of ST and thinks that translators should be responsible for ST writers, TT addressees and initiators, and such responsibility is 15 loyalty. Loyalty is different from fidelity because fidelity is just the relationship between ST and TT but loyalty is interpersonal relationship among translators, ST writers, TT addressees and initiators. Besides purpose of translation, tra nslators have to reach a balance among other groups. TT must achieve the purpose of translation such as cultural communication and satisfy ST writers, TT addressees and initiators as much as possible. . 5 Zero Translation of Brand Name in the Light of Functionalist Theory According to functionalist translation theory, translation is a purposeful action and different text determines different translation strategy and criteria. Breaking through traditional translation theory, functionalist translation theory emphasizes the importance of function in evaluation and action of translation. In translating brand name, â€Å"it is essential that in the target language the same effect be achieved as the original in the source language†(Reiss 41).As a new kind of translation method, zero translation can achieve functional equivalence furthest. Functions of brand name are transferring information of products and stimulating consumption. Translation of brand name must realize those functi ons of original brand name. In other words, translation of brand name helps people of TL to understand and accept products by transferring features of products and meaning of original brand name across cultural boundary and to persuade potential consumers to make a purchase. Zero translation is an effective method to translate brand name for following advantages.Zero translation transmits information of brand name with no loss or least loss of original form. It leaves customers of TL the same feelings as SL people have by lead TL customers to understand meaning of brand name in the circumstance of SL. Thus zero translation can preserve functions of SL brand name as much as possible. Another advantage is identification. Because zero translation keeps the form or the pronunciation of brand name in SL, it is easy to avoid confusion. For example, Windows, an operating system developed by Microsoft, once was translated as , but its owner was unwilling to use this translation because ? w as likely to mislead Chinese users to consider it as an operating system developed by domestic 16 companies, and customers lost original user experience and feelings. Therefore Microsoft insisted on transferring Windows in China. The next chapter is going to provide some examples of electronic products to prove the applicability of main methods of zero translation such as transference, transliteration and complementary translation. Chapter 5 Zero Translation of Brand Name of Electronic Products People's lifestyle and working pattern has been changed by electronic products including computer, digital camera and mobile phone, etc.These products bring about convenience and have been necessities for most people. In recent decades, many international companies produce and sell their electronic products in China. In order to compete with domestic products, those international companies apply different translation methods to make their brand names acceptable in China. Some Chinese intend t o buy products of foreign brand names because these products signify wealth and taste. In such situations, zero translation keeps form and pronunciation more completely than other translation strategies.The writer finds that zero translation is common in translating brand names of electronic products because zero translation preserves the original flavor of brand name and wins customers' favor. Transliteration is often applied to translate brand names, which are easy to be pronounced in Chinese and others are translated by transference and complementary translation. 5. 1 Transliteration Many foreign companies are named after its founder or the place where it was founded, and their meanings make no sense in Chinese culture. It is difficult and useless to transmit meaning of those brand names.Therefore transliteration is the best method if their phonetic symbols are similar with pronunciation of Chinese characters. Dell and Nokia belong to this kind. Some brand names reflect the his tory of company. For example Motorola 17 is the combination of â€Å"motor† and rola. Motor means the company produced cars and rola is the suffix of Victrola, the name of predecessor of Motorola. The literal meaning of such brand name will not help people of TL accept its product because of the lack of cultural ground. It is better to transliterate them to keep the pronunciation.Transliteration is also applied to translate brand name with special meaning. The former name of Sony Corporation was Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation, but it was too long. In 1958, the former name was changed to Sony. The Sony name was created by combining sonus, the original Latin for sonic, meaning sound, with sonny, denoting small size, or a youthful boy. It was chosen for its simple pronunciation th at is the same in any language. The feature of Sony is conciseness and its meaning. But if translators want to express its meaning, TT will be too long and lose its feature.In China, it is transliterated to ? ? , which preserves the conciseness and the pronunciation of Sony. The writer will list more examples of brand name of electronic products. Table 2 Transliteration of Brand Name Brand Name Transliteration Canon Nikon Olympus Casio Leica Philips Alcatel Semheiser Shure 5. 2 Transference Some brand names are difficult to transliteration because of the difference of pronunciation between two languages and to translate their literal meaning with the 18 limit of length or the lack of original feelings.For this kind of brand name, the best translation method is transference. Thinkpad, created by staff of IBM, combines think with pad. The pad is the notepaper used in IBM and the letter think is IBM's motto printed on the top of the note paper. Because the literal meaning of Thinkpad is ?, which makes no sense in China, it is better to keep its original form. Like the translation of Thinkpad, transference is also applied in translating Android, a mobile operation system developed by Google, Shuffle, a MP3 player produced by Apple, Nexus, a mobile phone designed by Google, and Palm, a mobile phone producer. . 3 Complementary Translation â€Å"Complementary translation in brand name translation is a method by which translated brand name is not only homophonic with the original, but also has specific meaning. † (Zhang 27) It keeps phonetic feature of brand name and change the form of TT with artful skills. For example, the translation of Galaxy, a series of mobile phone designed by Samsung, is . The literal translation of Galaxy is , but it cannot express its top status among mobile phones as does. The writer collects fifty foreign brand names of electronic products and analyzes their translation methods.Here is the result of the survey. Table 3 Result of a Survey on Methods of Brand Name Translation Translation Transference Transliteration Number Percentage Literal Free Mixed translation method Complementary translation tran slation translation 7 24 5 3 5 6 14% 48% 10% 6% 10% 12% Zero translation 72% 19 Conclusion In this thesis, zero translation is divided into two kinds, absolute zero translation and relative zero translation, like Liu Mingdong’s classification, but the former one is transference and the latter covers transliteration and complementary translation.The item, zero translation was brought about following the concept of untranslatability, which is undeniable to some degree because of the difference between culture of SL and TL. The aim of zero translation is to express effects of product and information pf producer in the culture of SL without any loss and zero translation is better than other translation strategy because it shows the cultural meaning in the form of SL. Zero translation focuses on the purpose of translation without the emphasis on equivalence of content, therefore zero translation corresponds the functionalist theory.By analyzing these examples of brand names of ele ctronic products, this thesis proves that zero translation succeeded in meeting requirements of brand translation, thus zero translation is an applicable method in brand translation. 20 Reference 1. Du, Zhengming. [ ], , , (? )2000. . : ?, 2000 2. Holz-Manttari, Justa. Translational Action: Theory and Method. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1984 3. Liu, Mingdong. [ ], ? . ? , 2002,(1): 29-32 4. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press, 2004 5. Luo, Guoqing. [ ]. :. , 2011,(2): 116-120 6. Mundy, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies Theories and Applications. London and New York: Routlege 2001 7. Newmark, Peter. A textbook of Translation. Shanghai: Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press, 2001 8. Nord, Christiane. Translating as a PurposefulActivity-Functionalist Approaches Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001 9. Qiu, Maoru. [ ], ? . ? , 2001,(1): 2 4-27 10.Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism: The Potentials and Limitations. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004 11. Sang, Yuanwei; Wang, Juxiang. [ ], : â€Å" †. , 2006(2): 32-35 12. Vermeer, Hans J. Skopos and Translation Commission. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000 13. Zhang, Mengya. [ ], â€Å" â€Å", ? 21 , 2009 22 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my tutor, Professor Liu Shizhu, who is a devoted, professional, resourceful scholar.He has helped me in more than one way during my college study as well as in my thesis writing. He lights the way for me. Thanks to his inspirational ideas, I chose translation of brand name as the thesis theme. In the writing process, he helped me with encouragements and guidance. I should say that without his help, there is no chance that this thesis would be present. In the second place, I would like to thank my family for their care an d support for me. There is nothing more valuable to me than the love from family members.I still remember the day when I got stuck on writing the thesis; it is my father’s words encouraged me to look ahead. I should thank my mother for her delicious dishes and I owe a lot to my grandfather. My family has taught me to be a decent person, a person values honor and cares for others. Last but not least, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all those who have helped me make this thesis possible and better. My lovely friends, my cheerful roommates, and the girl I want to spend my life with. They all help me, on the thesis or in my life. 23 24